Sure A Not

The most recent discoveries regarding bribery in Ukraine paint a nuanced picture. The Ukrainian Ministry of Defense, which paid for 100,000 mortar shells for about US$ 40 million but not delivered them, is embroiled in a controversy. But just a few days after this story surfaced, Ukraine ranked highest ever in the Transparency International ( TI ) annual corruption perceptions index.

Volodymyr Zelensky, the president of Ukraine, has made some progress in his efforts to combat corruption, including within his inner circle, as evidenced by his increased position in the TI index.

The ammunition incident, on the other hand, is a glaring example of how widespread and routineized corruption has become when older defense officials and managers of an arms supplier conspire to deny their nation of essential military supplies while the nation is going through an existential crisis.

In Ukraine, fraud has long been a concern. However, since monthly corruption perceptions results have been compiled over the past ten centuries, the nation has gradually gotten better. Ukraine is regarded as the most crooked nation in Europe, with the exception of Russia and Azerbaijan.

Despite this widespread fraud, Ukraine has endured two years of bitter issue and has displayed remarkable fortitude in the face of Russian aggression. However, at a time when Ukraine’s survival has largely become dependent on the ongoing provision of American military and financial aid, these high-profile scandals and the common perception that Ukraine also fights daily corruption have become more ontological threats.

Obvious corruption has been used as one argument by EU skeptics against further assistance for Ukraine, including Hungary and Slovakia as well as powerful right-wing populists presently in opposition like Germany’s AfD. Similar to this, Republicans in the US have claimed that a lack of monitoring may allow corrupt officials to use US help to further their own financial interests.

Any reported evidence of the use of funds makes it more difficult for Kiev’s foreign supporters to win the case for continuing support as this debate heats up and becomes more complicated due to election campaigns for the US presidency and the European Parliament. Additionally, it loses its appeal to actually make the case.

This is likely to increase the feel of pessimism that has pervaded open discussions about Ukraine ever since Ukraine’s performance on the battlefield in 2023 fell short of expectations for both Kiev and the West.

The weaknesses of Zelensky

In addition to the precarious nature of maintaining Western help, Zelensky has also grown more vulnerable internally. One of his important election promises from 2019 that he would core out bone is undermined by numerous high-profile corruption scandals.

The Ukrainian president’s ongoing onslaught can now be seen as being politically motivated by his private detractors, despite the fact that he has strengthened anti-corruption organizations and been opened about the issues Ukraine still faces.

This will only serve to exacerbate Ukraine’s social divisions. Zelensky does n’t need that at this point because there is already a heated argument over the best course of action for war and because disagreements between the nation’s political and military leaders are becoming more widely known.

On that front, it is still unclear whether Zelensky may succeed General Valeriy Zaluzhny as commander-in-chief, as has been frequently reported, or if he lacks the authority to do so.

According to reports, the Ukrainian leader offered Zaluzhny a new position as the defense chief’s director, which he is said to have declined. Relationships between the two have deteriorated recently, in part as a result of Ukraine’s 2023 counteroffensive failing to achieve any notable victories on the field.

In November 2023, the president reprimanded his major standard for declaring that the battle was in a” stalemate.” Additionally, there have been rumors that Zaluzhny will run for office and challenge Zelensky for the president. According to a December poll, 88 % of Ukrainians believed Zaluzhny, while 62 % believed Zelensky.

When taken as a whole, the corruption scandal and the alleged rift at the top of Ukraine’s power structure wo n’t do anything to regain or maintain Western confidence in Ukrainians ‘ ability to avoid defeat, much less win. More assistance appears exceedingly improbable in the absence of quite assurance.

Without significant progress being made in the fight against fraud, the overwhelmingly pro-Western and Pro-European district from which Zelensky receives the majority of his support is even possible to dwindle. People who view Western support as merely supporting a crooked elite may find the European future to be less appealing.

Zelensky does no longer be regarded as the only or most likely champion of European and transatlantic integration, even if support for it continues to be strong, which is good.

So, the existential crisis in Ukraine continues to be centered on corruption. It’s not the only issue the nation is dealing with, and in all honesty, it might not even be the biggest. Because problem and the belief of corruption exacerbate other issues and weaken crucial regional and Western support, it is essential for Ukraine to combat corruption more efficiently and to be seen to do so.

Therefore, problem is unlikely to destroy Ukraine on its own. However, due to the knock-on results at home and abroad, it may be the last straw that breaks the nation in the midst of a battle.

Tetyana Malyarenko, professor of international relationships, Jean Monnet Professor of European Security, National University Odesa Law Academy, and Stefan Wolff, global surveillance professor at the University of Birmingham

Under a Creative Commons license, this essay has been republished from The Conversation. read the article in its entirety.

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It has become challenging, if not downright foolish, for anyone to dismiss the inaugural US political elections, especially since Donald Trump strutted onto the global stage. This is true even for someone who lives halfway around the world from the United States. And then, whether you like it or not, the season has started in Asia, according to a Reuters news story from February 2:

Do n’t try to reach a deal with China that could jeopardize years of coordinated efforts to restrain Beijing and endanger the region’s precarious peace, according to Japan, the United States ‘ closest ally in Asia. As a result of the 77-year-old’s triumphs in Republican primaries in Iowa and New Hampshire, Tokyo has intensified its efforts to interact with Trump supporters in subsequent weeks. According to some surveys, he is the front-runner in the November presidential election.

Here’s a second look at an article I wrote again when the Trump Age was actually starting to show how things have changed—not for the better, we perhaps also fear. The element appears to have made some corrections. The grownups in the room finally arrived to restrain President Trump from acting on some of his most irrational whims with the help of trained civilian and military officials.

But that was back then. Some of his most extreme supporters, led by the Heritage Foundation’s Project 2025, referred to themselves as an “army,” and they have spent years formulating strategies to get rid of the “deep condition” in a second Trump administration and give him the freedom to act as he pleases.

It is unclear how serious President-elect Donald Trump is about the policies he has supported, such as saying” sayonara” to Japan and South Korea if the two nations do n’t contribute more resources to their own defense or abandoning the nonproliferation policy by allowing them the go-ahead to create new nuclear weapons to counter those that North Korea’s Kim Jong-un is developing.

Trump is primarily a performer, just like the later Kim Jong Il of North Korea. We have n’t heard anything about him reading books or thinking tank reports on complex international issues if he enjoys policy. He obviously admires his reputation as a strong communicator who shakes stuff up. But did he steadfastly pursue plans that, at this point, amount to nothing more than catchphrases for advertising?

Since we are unable to provide a definitive answer, the earliest indications to look for are the names, origins, and opinions of the influential individuals he uses to manage daily US political and military relations with other countries. Even so, we might not know much because his hiring swimming is unlikely to include many of the most well-known names in foreign and defense policy—those names that we can associate with specific policies.

During his plan, it stood out that comparatively few well-known people supported him. He was publicly criticized by almost the complete Republican top international policy creation.

Three people were identified as Trump’s “brain faith” for Asia policy in August by Chris Nelson of the Nelson Report in Washington. As I do with Pyongyang, I emailed William C. Triplett, II, a former aide to the late Senator Jesse Helms, who was most concerned with North Korean plan.

Triplett never responded, and I have n’t heard anything more about his chances of getting a cushy job at the White House, State, or Pentagon. For all that it’s fair, his book on North Korea does n’t downplay the threat posed by that country. Rogue State: How a Nuclear North Korea Endangers America is its headline.

Trump is not known to be the loving type, despite the fact that he said in his triumph speech,” I am reaching out to you for your assistance and your assist” to bring the nation together. Do n’t hold your breath while you wait for him to plead with his numerous public critics —especially the Republican foreign affairs experts who signed a manifesto opposing his candidacy—to offer their knowledge to him now that he has won.

He may choose from his small group of supporters for the best positions, such as a former political candidate like Newt Gingrich for secretary of state. Trump may choose a hardliner like former UN ambassador John Bolton, who wants the work and has publicly supported him, if he particularly wants to win over the most conservative congressional Republicans.

Beyond that, there is still a sizable pool of career experts who regularly carry out political orders in the defense and the State Department Foreign Service.

For instance, a whole generation of inexperienced officials reached adulthood while serving in and participating in the Vietnam War, even though many of them secretly opposed the conflict. They believed that their job was to implement plan, no to create it.

Perhaps to an even greater degree, troops are trained to let lawmakers decide when, where, and who to fight. Given that pre-election surveys revealed they frequently favored Trump, there should be plenty of buzz-cut troops ready to put on suits and ties and carry out his orders.

Are we doomed to watch blankly as some formerly private employees aid Trump in destroying the current global order if he pursues unwise plans?

The thing about career professionals is that they would follow Trump’s orders, unless and until he ordered something that many of them thought was absolutely idiotic, in which case they might use the bond they had developed with him through earlier obedience to try to convince him to change his mind. This is true even if Trump requires more personnel than is common for fresh administrations.

The most notable instance of this kind in current memory involves Korea. During his 1976 presidential campaign, Democrat Jimmy Carter declared his intention to send US soldiers back from South Korea, which at the time was ruled by a former general who had since taken over and violated individual freedom.

Veterans of the military and state office hunkered down and thwarted Carter at every change because they saw South Korea as a political and economic development in progress and were concerned that US army withdrawal may allow North Korea to engulf the South. In a face-saving move, he finally agreed to “postpone” carrying out his plan in 1979.

Carter ran for a second name the following year but was unsuccessful.

Since 1977, Bradley K. Martin has worked as the commission key for the Baltimore Sun, Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, and Asia Times, concentrating on Asia and the Pacific. He was the top North Korea observer at Bloomberg News. He is the creator of Nuclear Blues, a story, and Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty.

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The Taiwanese presidential and parliamentary elections that took place on January 13&nbsp, were
The most important event that will be held in the Indo-Pacific region in many ways
this season.

Undoubtedly, the February votes in Indonesia will take place.
and will require bigger nations and a lot more citizens in India in April.
There will be a lot of attention paid to the one in little Taiwan.
As the benefits are released, Jakarta and New Delhi. However, we are probably going to
The vote in Taiwan taught us more than either of those giant did.

The second important aspect of Taiwan’s elections is just that they
The single democracy-speaking nation in the world is this one, and
That politics, which has been around for three years, is not only surviving but also
thriving. Taiwan demonstrates that Chinese and Chinese are not inconsistent.
the democratic system known as politics, as well as culture, society, or history.

Of course, the outcome—that Taiwan for the
elected a fresh leader for the first time who belongs to the same social group as the
father – and it did but in defiance of intimidation and threats from the
Only 100 km aside across the Taiwan is a huge, powerful neighbor.
Strait.

&nbsp, Following the Democratic Party’s Tsai Ing- ying for eight years,
Lai Ching-te, chairman of the DPP, has served as her for the past four years.
In May, the vice president may take office. This is noteworthy in part.
Due to the fact that the president has typically been transferred from one big party to another
a normal period of optimism, disappointment, and therefore
change.

But primarily, it stands out because it was a significant development in recent years.
Taiwan and Communist China have been at odds, and China has sent more.
and more fighter jets will be used as weapons to travel over Chinese province.
intimidation.

Obviously, the question was raised by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Taiwan as well as other nearby nations, including Japan, of
whether a Chinese invasion or Taiwanese embargo will be the next drama.

President Xi Jinping of China spoke to the Taiwanese people on December 31.
said that all Foreign on the island will unify with Taiwan and that
” Share in the splendor of the regeneration” should be said of both sides of Taiwan Strait.
of the people of China.

As a result, it appeared likely that Japanese citizens who feared war may
Voting for a different group, choosing one that supports better ties with China.
Instead of switching to the Kuomintang, the oldest and most established, this did not occur.
Voters who supported China most decided to support a DPP leader.

However, this is the second important point: During the vote, there was no
All three functions supported integration with China, including one party.
enhancing the region’s threats. And despite all attempts to disperse
disinformation via the internet and Chinese media in an effort to undermine
to inspire voters to have stronger sympathies for the DPP state and
There was no indication that such reasoning had any effect on mainland China.

Economic and social problems were at the top of most citizens ‘ minds in all elections.
Problems, particularly in relation to the political elections: Wage development has been
Unsatisfactory and housing prices have increased.

As a result, the DPP lost the majority of seats in the Congressional Yuan and will now need to negotiate with other parties—likely the fresh, small Taiwan—for support.
Party of the People. However, because all three parties support increasing defence spending,
The foreign or protection policies of President Lai should n’t be significantly hampered by this.

China attempted to take advantage of the in its standard reaction to the election result.
DPP lost its operating lot when it asserted that it does not stand for the
genuine opinions of the Taiwanese. However, regarding integration and of
stronger defence against China, the poll largely reflected public opinion.
Indeed, surveys of public opinion indicate that less than 2 % of Chinese people are in pursuit.
of fusion. More than three-quarters of respondents support maintaining the status quo.
More than 60 % of people claim to be Chinese rather than Taiwanese or
both Taiwanese and Chinese.

Obviously, both Japanese and outsiders must wonder what will happen.
China, Taiwan, and of course the United States will follow. It has
There has been a lot of debate as to whether China will welcome President Lai’s victory.
by intensifying its coercion strategies.

However, the truth is that, barring a genuine war effort,
China has no viable alternatives for a siege. Beijing’s state has
Since 2016, it has declined to engage in negotiations with the Chinese government.
President Tsai was viewed as a secessionist. Discussions will probably continue.
President Lai has frozen him, but he is almost going to give a damn about that.

Additionally, Taiwan’s financial strain is no longer effective, despite
Taiwan has strong economic ties to the island and the beach.
a international business that is independent of any one market. Considering that China is
slower progress, recession, and the effects of a shrinking population,
In the huge Chinese business, the allure of wealth is hardly unstoppable.

China will probably waited until after the American, which is the most probable incident.
November national vote will determine what it should do. It’ll keep going.
just as it does with the Chinese Senkaku territories and regions, to try to harass Taiwan.
It disputes with the Philippines in the South China Sea, but the truth is that
What perspective the president of the United States has is a question that President Xi must answer.
Says will accept.

President Joe Biden broke with years of National tradition in 2021 and 2022.
norms by stating unequivocally that in the event of a Taiwanese attack on
In order to defend Taiwan, the US do instantly intervene. Japan’s defence
strategy for expansion, which includes the purchase of US Tomahawk rockets and activity
military supplies to the Nansei ( Ryukyu ) islands close to Taiwan, is assisting
create a Taiwanese assault appear less likely. The same is true of the deal by the Philippines.
to grant America admittance to nine logistical and possible bases on its islands
Utilize by US causes.

The biggest issue, however, is whether or not whoever is elected to the White House in
November decides to keep these policies in place, particularly that responsibility to the future.
in the event of a siege or war, to Taiwan’s assistance. the second-most
After Taiwan’s vote, there will be a major vote for the future of the Indo-Pacific.
America’s vote will take place on January 13 on November 5.

Bill Emmott, a former editor-in-chief of The Economist, is now the president of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, International Trade Institute, and the&nbsp. He was formerly the president-emeritus of Japan Society for the UK.

This is the English translation of an essay on the Substack Bill Emmott’s International See that was published earlier this week in both Japanese and English. Bill Emmott’s Global View,&nbsp. It is being republished these with our kind consent.

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A 59-year-old Chinese career minister has vowed to alter the nation’s perception of “wolf warrior” diplomacy and promote greater cooperation between China and the United States during a low-profile visit to Washington. &nbsp,

The media views Liu Jianchao, the head of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP ) International Department, as a strong contender for the position of next foreign minister and an emerging political force in China. &nbsp,

Liu would also become one of China’s five position mayors by taking over for former Foreign Minister Qin Gang, who was fired past July. &nbsp,

In China, vice-prime ministers and express mayors are referred to as sub-national leaders. National leaders like Chinese President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Qiang, and five different CCP committee standing council members are ranked above them.

Qin had now passed away in a military clinic in Beijing in late July, either from death or abuse, according to Politico, which generally publishes leaks from US brains services.

The report claimed that Qin and the family of major jet army officers had assisted in divulging Chinese nuclear secrets to Western intelligence agencies, citing two unidentified individuals with entry to senior Chinese officials. The Taiwanese government has not yet responded to the report,nbsp. &nbsp,

Wang Yi, chairman of the CCP’s Office of Foreign Affairs Commission, has assumed the role of international minister once more since Qin left. Since the end of 2023, Liu has shared some of Wang’s political responsibilities.

Liu led a group of Chinese leaders to France in October of last year to meet with Catherine Colonna, the country’s then-minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs, as well as other important businesspeople. He traveled to the United Arab Emirates in December and had a meeting with Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the nation’s unusual secretary. &nbsp,

On January 8–13, he paid a visit to the US, and on January 12–12, Antony Blinken, US Secretary of State, met with him.

In the conference between Xi and US President Joe Biden in San Francisco last November, both sides reiterated the significance of keeping the progress made on important concerns.

They talked about Taiwan, the South China Sea, China’s human right, and the detention of American people in China. Additionally, they discussed topics pertaining to Ukraine, North Korea, the Middle East, and the Red Sea. &nbsp,

Liu’s new US visit was an indirect effect of the improving relations between Russia and North Korea, according to Katsuji Nakazawa, a top author at Nikkei, in an article published on February 1.

The author claims Liu’s significant missions to the US have a lot to do with the fast closing length between Kim Jong Un, the leader of North Korea, and Russian President Vladimir Putin, citing an unknown source. &nbsp,

He claims that in order to secure the source of artillery weapons for use in Ukraine, Russia gave North Korea more missile-related systems. He claims that China is very uneasy about having its garden broken into and is trying to form a relationship with the US. &nbsp,

Wang appears to be the best contact person for safety issues, though it will take time to determine whether this story is true or not. Wang met with US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan in Bangkok for 12 days on January 26 and 27. &nbsp,

nbsp global order,

During his conversations with American officials and business leaders he met in the US, Liu showed great warm-up abilities due to his fluency in spoken English. &nbsp,

In a speech given by the Council on Foreign Relations, Liu stated that China does not seek to alter the recent international attempt, much less remake it. ” We have benefited from the fact that we are one of the developers of our current world order.”

Michael Froman, the president of the Council, questioned him about Taiwan and China’s bear warrior politics, and he responded in the usual manner.

There is no talk of returning to the wolf warrior diplomacy, he said, and I do n’t really think there has ever been. &nbsp,

The Taiwan issue is at the very heart of China’s key interests. The line must not be crossed, and we take significantly the US’s claims that it does not support Taiwan freedom. And he added,” We hope the US side will uphold this determination.” &nbsp,

Liu was referred to by Froman as” a dog warrior in sheep’s clothing” in a lighthearted joke to end the conversation.

Liu’s excursion to the US came after Xi and Biden exchanged congratulations on January 1st, which is the 45th celebration of China and US diplomatic relations ‘ founding in 1979. &nbsp,

The Taiwanese national election took place right after it. Beijing was dissatisfied that the Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ), which currently holds power, could extend its term by four years.

When the National People’s Congress convenes for its annual meeting in early March, Liu will likely be named as the innovative Chinese foreign secretary, according to the Wall Street Journal on January 24.

Beijing criticizes the US for deporting Foreign learners.

@jeffpao3 Following Jeff Pao on Twitterat&nbsp.

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Days after a drone strike in Jordan killed three US soldiers, which was attributed to an esoteric Iranian-linked military team. It now appears that the larger regional conflict may have been avoided. for the time being.

The head of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards stated that Tehran is” not looking for war,” and the US has indicated that it will respond to the attack in a tiered manner, though it has n’t specified how.

However, since the October 7 Hamas assault on Israel and the start of the war in Gaza, Iranian-backed armies in Iraq and Syria have then launched more than 160 attacks against the US government. Additionally, Iranian-backed Houthi extremists in Yemen have threatened to keep attacking boats in the Red Sea.

What then motivates these organizations in the so-called” plane of opposition” and how much influence does Iran have over their behavior?

Shia militant organizations in Iraq

Under pressure from both Iran and Iraq, the military that the US blamed for the helicopter strike in Jordan, Kata’ib Hezbollah, announced earlier this week that it would halt its defense operations in Iraq.

It is just one of many Iranian-backed organizations operating in Iraq under the guise of Islamic Resistance.

In the midst of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, armed militias started to appear there. When these groups came together to form a front against the ISIS terror party, they became rapidly stronger.

Along with other Iran-backed organizations like Hezbollah in Syria, the Popular Mobilisation Forces, or Al Hashd Al Sha’bi, was founded in 2014 and quickly rose to prominence as the primary Shia militia organization fighting ISIS.

The Popular Mobilisation Forces, however, turned their focus back to US goals in Iraq as the threat of ISIS diminished following its military battle in 2019.

These organizations have recently posed as the muqawama, or “resistance,” against the US and its supporters in Iraq. As a result, they have launched hundreds of attacks in Iraq and Syria against US and Greek military installations as well as other goals.

Hezbollah

Hezbollah, also known as the” Party of God,” was founded in the 1980s as an armed army to liberate the southern regions of Lebanon from Israeli rule and to better the lot of the country’s marginalized Shia minority.

In Lebanon, the group has since established itself as a respectable social force. Hezbollah has thus been successful in spanning numerous regions. It plays a civilian ( da’wa ) role in Lebanon’s social welfare and religious education, as well as participating in military-resistance ( jihad ), which involves attacking US and Israeli targets there and on the Israeli-Lebanese border.

Over the years, its connection with Iran has grown, with Hezbollah receiving hundreds of millions of dollars annually from Iran for weapons and training.

However, Hezbollah has shown to be very skilled at downplaying its theological ideals and principles in order to function independently as a major political force in Lebanon.

Houthis

The Houthis are a Shia armed party that emerged from the Zaydi religion in the 1990s from Yemen’s northern hills and is also referred to as Ansar Allah (” Supporters of God” The party overthrew Yemen’s authorities in 2014 and finally seized power over the majority of the nation. The party then fought a military alliance led by Saudi Arabia that was attempting to remove them for decades with Iran’s support.

Ironically, this changed with the Jewish warfare against Hamas in Gaza, despite the fact that Houthis were not directly involved in attacking US targets ( or its allies ) in the past.

Iran’s relationship

These groupings have always shared Shia Islam, a religious and philosophical affiliation.

Shias have previously been a majority in the Arab world, subject to rigorous persecution, political seclusion, and low socioeconomic status in nations like Iraq, Lebanon and the Gulf states.

But after the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Shia church there, things started to change. The Iranian government sought to spread the” Shia rebellion” across borders in an effort to end decades of Shia social isolation and socioeconomic deprivation, primarily through its military apparatus, the Revolutionary Guards.

The first and most prosperous of the Iran-backed organizations to emerge from this action was Hezbollah. It became and continues to be a significant regional person in Lebanon thanks to its ability to establish and maintain an impressive military and political appearance there.

Iran took on the role of the intellectual defender of this expanding” shaft” of Middle Eastern groups thanks to its arsenal and financial support. These proxies have in turn assisted Iran in maintaining a significant amount of corporate power in the area, which is essential to its ability to influence others and its foreign policy.

united by opposition

However, despite having close political and ideological ties, these teams continue to function as patriotic organizations in their respective nations. Each has its own regional interests and goals as a result. Shia communities ‘ lives have been improved, and political power has been attained as a result.

This has been characterized as a muqawama or form of resistance. Resistance to occupation, resistance to oppressive regimes, and resistance against imperialist, dominant powers are just a few ways to look at this.

The concept of “oppressors vs. the downtrodden,” which emerged from Hussein ibn Ali’s death during the battle of Karbala in the year 680, is a core of Shia philosophy. This story has come to represent Shia opposition in all of its manifestations.

This explains why organizations like Hezbollah, the Houthis, and the Muslim Weight in Iraq have banded together under the name” Axis of Tolerance.” The Houthis opposition against Saudi-led coalition forces, the Hezbollah resistance to Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, and the military Shi’ite groups in Iraq attacking ISIS and currently US troops are all examples of this concept.

These parties have just banded together as a form of protest against Israel ( and its principal ally, the US), over its conflict in Gaza.

It is still unclear how much control Iran has over these intermediaries. Each party of the” shaft of weight” works freely to resist “aggression and job,” according to Iran, who has denied ordering the attacks on US forces in Iraq, Syria, and presently Jordan.

However, the fact that we are seeing an increase in military operations by each of these groups suggests that they are becoming more and more crucial to Iran’s plan to increase its impact and fight the US in the Middle East.

Mariam Farida teaches counterterrorism and violence research at Macquarie University.

Under a Creative Commons license, this essay has been republished from The Conversation. Read the article in its entirety.

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