Rare tiger spotted in Yala forest

Rare tiger spotted in Yala forest
On Wednesday, a snare camera in Yala’s Bang Lang National Park managed to capture the Indonesian tiger known as Gang Lang 01. ( Inset) The footprint of a tiger. Department of National Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation( Photo )

According to the Department of National Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation’s( DNP ) Facebook page, a Philippine lion was recently spotted in Yala, in the area known as Bang Lang.

The DNP reported that there are several sub-species of tigers in its article, with the Philippine tiger being found in Malaysia and Thailand’s southern border regions.

Simply Bang Lang National Park and the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand are home to Philippine lions. Eastern cats are those that can be found in the nation’s central and western regions.

The” Smart Patrol” system, which is intended to assist in tracking and monitoring animals and preventing risks to the protected forests, is to blame for the sight of the Philippine lion in Bang Lang National Park.

The Philippine lion, known as” Bang Lang 01,” was captured on bait cameras, allowing DNP officials to review the forest and learn more about the creature.

Continue Reading

Extended nightlife hours to start Dec 15

Extended nightlife hours to start Dec 15
The Government House advertising will hear from Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin on Friday about the results of an integrated commerce strategy meeting that decided to increase the starting hours for nighttime entertainment spaces, including restaurants and cafes, from Dec. 15 to 4am in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, and Phuket. Anutin Charnvirakul, the deputy prime minister and internal minister, is standing next to him, and Bangkok government Chadchart Sittipunt is on the left. ( Image: Chanat Katanyu)

Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, and Phuket’s daytime leisure facilities will now open until 4 a.m. on December 15 thanks to Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin.

Mr. Srettha and Interior Minister Anutin Charnvirakul said they had discussed extending entertainment entry time for a trial phase with the Tourism and Sports Ministry, Royal Thai Police, and the four provincial governors after an integrated commerce strategy meeting on Friday.

To increase hospitality, the estimate will be put into effect for the first time in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, and Phuket.

According to Mr. Srettha, pertinent companies will take into account how many months are appropriate for the test. The extension will only be in place for the time being, and conversations about zoning changes may take place in the future.

” We want to promote domestic tourism and the market.” According to Mr. Srettha, the program will also assist in increasing enterprise revenue in the tourism industry, which includes restaurants and entertainment venues.

He emphasized that some immigrants don’t eat like Thais would. Some people eat between 9 and 10 p.m. Buyers may have to eat earlier if opening hours are only evening or 2am, which reduces the amount of food they order.

After speaking with security agencies, Mr. Srettha added that it is feasible to extend opening hours to 4am and that the Interior Ministry does investigate planning and licenses.

Authorities will work to increase the use of illegal drugs and ensure the safety of the populace.

According to Mr. Anutin, the state also intends to increase the business hours of restaurants that serve as venues for amusement from midnight to two in the morning.

Alcoholic beverages may only be sold up until midnight under the current laws, and music is prohibited after that time.

The new governmental regulations need case approval, so the Interior Ministry and police have discussed amending them. The government will then put forth a laws allowing provincial governors to specify the planning and business hours of the nightclubs.

Mr. Anutin responded that he had spoken with the provincial administration department’s director general and regional police chief to create a unique unit to handle the situation afterwards when asked if operational officials would have the authority to inspect entertainment venues after hours have been extended.

Continue Reading

Hop on one of Vietnam’s many cable cars to visit giant Buddha statues, faux European villages and selfie spots

Before relocating to Portugal to pursue a doctorate in tourism, Ly Tran, 34, who taught hospitality at an institution in Ho Chi Minh City, traveled to Hon Thom & nbsp with her Portuguese partner. This island is small and privately owned by Sun Group, and the Phu Quoc cable car leads there. Two more amusement gardens, three resorts, a modern building, and lots of villas are all planned by the business. The couple was relaxing in a coffee shop with palm trees while their journey companions played on enormous, vibrant waterslides.

According to Tran, Vietnamese appreciate the organization and cleanliness of tourist destinations like Sun World. She added that wire cars also make sense because Asian tourists take a different approach to sightseeing than Westerners do.

She remarked,” When you see Europeans going sightseeing, they’re going to be wearing sports shoes and clothing.” However, Asian people are typically seen wearing longer dresses, sandals, or high heels. They want to look stunning for the image capture.

The cable vehicles offered an unexpected viewpoint for Frank Ngo, a physical therapist from Anaheim, California, who was 41 years old and whose parents had fled Vietnam after the battle in 1978. On their first journey to Vietnam since they were teenagers, he and his wife Karen Do, 34, were astounded by the country’s advancements and the ease of the car ride up to Phu Quoc.

It’s absurd to look out at the sea in that manner. My kids were boat enthusiasts. They were out there in the open water for about five days, Ngo said as we entered the Colosseum-like place. ” I was trying to process that by picturing myself as them out there on the ship.”

The New York Times Company, by Patrick Scott

The New York Times was where the content first appeared.

Continue Reading

Singapore’s sprint queen Shanti Pereira away from the track: ‘Life can be a bit of a roller coaster ride, I clear my head to calm myself’

Pereira proclaimed her proudly” basic” attitude toward her interests.

Her favorite schedules involve going to the movies, and she adores watching the same episodes of her favorite television program, Modern Family, on sluggish Sundays. & nbsp,

She said,” These little things may become simple, but they are what make me happy.”

Pereira is a voracious visitor as well. Pereira chuckled as she recalled shopping in each city she had been to because she” loves looking out for new clothing and I love care.” & nbsp,

There is always some strange shopping district I can find in any area I find myself in, regardless of whether I’m traveling for work or play.

It explains why her latest trip to Seoul, South Korea, with her partner Tan Zong Yang, a professional athlete and prosecutor, was but” healing.” & nbsp,

Continue Reading

Commentary: Gibran’s VP run may be the biggest gamble for Prabowo – and outgoing Indonesian President Jokowi

Mr. Jokowi’s camp seems to be aware of this: PSI recently launched a forceful” Jokowo – philosophy” campaign that prominently featured the names and faces of Mrs. Widod, Pangarep, and Raka on occasion. This highlights their efforts to capitalize on the priest’s recognition and win over voters.

A CAREFUL VICE PRESIDENT?

Even if the couple succeeds in overcoming these obstacles during the campaign, they may still encounter additional governance difficulties. Does the powerful PDI-P support Mr. Subianto’s alliance in his goals?

If this was merely a marriage of convenience, it’s also possible that Mr. Subianto was remove Mr Raka from his position as vice president, which has no real legal authority until appointed by the president.

His latest stance toward Mr. Jokowi could be viewed as one: After his defeat in 2019 and his appointment as defense minister in an effort to promote national unity following a contentious election that saw demonstrations against the results turn deadly, M. Subianto was appointed.

If the PSI, the group headed by Mr. Jokowi’s youngest brother, is unable to win seats in the House of Representatives, he might not have much of an impact. PSI currently lacks political representation because it received just 1.89 percent of the total nationwide vote in 2019, which is less than the 4 % required to allocate seats in the legislature.

The gap between Mr. Jokowi and PDI-P, the political party that first propelled him, his son, and son-in-law to their present positions, may also become unbridgeable.

Both Mr. Subianto and M. Jokowi may be seriously at risk if they decide to run for girlfriend and vice president alongside Raka.

At the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Made Supriatma is a visiting companion for the Indonesia Studies Program.

Continue Reading

IN FOCUS: How Israel-Hamas falsehoods on TikTok ‘cloud the public eye’ in Southeast Asia

WHAT TIKTOK SAYS Government

The European Commission has questioned TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp owner Meta about how they combat false information about the conflict. Additionally, it is looking into X for supposedly spreading false information.

The Ministry of Communications and Information in Singapore has” emphasized to social media services the need to step up content moderation efforts during this period, taking into consideration local sensitivities ,” in response to CNA’s inquiries. It didn’t go into detail.

The department acknowledged that Singaporean social media users may be at” heightened risk of being exposed to harmful online information and misinformation ,” and it urged the government to exercise caution, fact-check, and refrain from disseminating information if they are unsure of its veracity. & nbsp,

The limited regulators in Malaysia and Indonesia were also contacted by CNA for their feedback.

Since the start of the war, TikTok has removed more than 925, 000 videos from the turmoil location for breaking its policies on violence, hate speech, misconceptions, and extremism, including content that promotes Hamas, according to its most recent update on its website, which was published on Friday.

Over 24 million fake accounts, more than 500,000 bot comments on content using keywords related to the war, and 50 000 video with” dangerous misinformation” have all been removed from TikTok globally during the same time period.

The platform, which is owned by the Chinese tech company Bytedance, recently announced that it had added more Arabic and Hebrew-speaking moderators to evaluate content pertaining to the conflict. Additionally, it collaborates with outside fact-checking organizations like Agence France-Presse.

Recent media reports and scientific studies have revealed that TikTok’s algorithms does not favor information and that deceptive videos on the platform you” spread quickly thanks to their shock value ,” in addition to content moderation.

The idea that the platform would gain from shock value content is” baseless ,” a TikTok spokesperson retorted to CNA. & nbsp,

According to the spokesperson,” we remove material that contravenes our policies against damaging misinformation and have laws against stunning content, which we either remove or render unsuitable for recommendation into the For You feed.”

According to the interpreter, TikTok reviews content as it becomes more popular on the app in order to stop videos from being recommended that go against its policies.

People were allegedly paying TikTok as little as US$ 7 to spread false information about the Israel-Hamas conflict, according to another content published in October.

According to a TikTok interpreter, the platform blocks search terms in violation of its policies and does not help keyword targeting or topic-based advertising. Additionally,” Israel” and” Palestine” have been added to a list of prohibited search terms.

No NEUTRAL PLATFORMS, DO YOU THINK?

Some fake clips that the journalist came over were finally taken down during CNA’s week-long study of Israel – Hamas information on TikTok.

Some, however, persisted in their online activity, raking in opinions, remarks, and shares while demonstrating the whack-a-mole nature of content moderation.

Malaysian Mr. Harris urged social media platforms to be more open about how they moderate information and to experience greater regulatory scrutiny.

After everything that has happened, the claim that they are only negative platforms is obviously false, and those making it today are dishonest, he told CNA.

Continue Reading

Panel to put charter-change questions to lawmakers

According to section president Nikorn Chamnong, a sub-committee is tasked with soliciting public input on charter revision proposals before sending draft questions about charter amendments to senators and MPs for feedback next month.

When parliament reconvenes next month, Mr. Nikorn stated over the phone that copies of the questions may be given to specific MPs and lawmakers for evaluation.

According to reports, Mr. Nikorn’s panel asked three questions of the House and Senate committees on social development at individual meetings on Monday and Thursday.

They inquire as to whether the current charter should be amended entirely, with the exception of Chapters 1 and 2, or whether each section should receive an amendment, and whether a constitution-drafting assembly ( CDA ) needs to be established to draft the new charter.

Thailand is defined in Section 1 as a solitary, undivided country with the King serving as the head of state, and Chapter 2 includes sections on aristocratic prerogatives.

Mr. Nikorn reportedly asked Members and lawmakers how many referendums they believe are necessary for a charter modify during the discussions with the political committees.

If a new contract is written, in least two must be conducted, according to an order from the Constitutional Court.

According to its chairman, Parit Wacharasindhu, the House committee on social development has established a sub-committee to analyze CDA election systems.

Mr. Parit, a Move Forward Party( MFP ) MP, stated that the sub-panel’s job is to look into how CDA members are chosen to make sure the body is diverse.

He added that the investigation report will be given to the government-appointed committee on charter rewrite referendums and that it is anticipated to aid in determining whether all CDA members may be elected immediately.

According to Mr. Parit, the 10-member sub-committee consists of two opposite members, including himself, two from the partnership government, three from academia, and three more from polite society.

He claimed that he did not speak with Mr. Nikorn as a MFP representative, but rather as the chairman of the House committee on social development.

On November 14, the group is scheduled to appear before the open opinion-gathering commission.

The board led by Mr. Nikorn is one of two sub-committees under the state committee tasked with examining the structure of the referendums.

By the second month of December, it is anticipated to have completed polling the people, and the summary will be sent to the government at the beginning of the following year.

Continue Reading

Govt sees visa policy lifting flights to 1.3m next year

Following the president’s recent news of a visa-free scheme for Chinese, Kazakh, American, and Japanese tourists, Thailand anticipates seeing more than 1.3 million flights the next year, according to Deputy Minister of Transport Surapong Piyachote.

He stated that the ministry aims to maximize air traffic flow management, facilitating more incoming international flights to Thailand in the future, following a meeting with executives of Aeronautical Radio of Thailand Ltd ( Aerothai ) yesterday.

From October 1 of last year to September 30 of this year, there were approximately 720, 000 airlines, according to Aerothai. However, by the end of this year, the number of airlines to Thailand will reach up to 1.2 million flights, which is close to pre-pandemic rates. Due to the free-visa policy, Aerothai predicts that trip numbers will increase by 20 to 30 % the following month, or to about 1.3 million planes.

From November 10 to May 10 of the following month, citizens of Taiwan and India are free from applying for visas. During the six-month visa-free time, it is anticipated that an additional 900, 000 Indian nationals and 400,000 Chinese citizens will visit.

According to Mr. Surapong, some travel companies have requested licenses to operate seaplanes from the Thai Civil Aviation Authority. Siam Seaplane Thailand, according to Aerothai, is one of the applicants who wants to run a seaport on Lipe Island in Satun state.

The transportation minister added that by December, he had given Aerothai the task of researching relevant laws to protect seaplane routes and operations. The company will pin high-income travelers who can purchase comfort and protection.

On home routes connecting the island and the islands,”[ the seaplanes]” will be in use. According to Mr. Surapong, I think that as tourists demand increases in the future, business will expand.

According to Noppasit Chakpitak, chairman of Aerothai, the company is ready to assist the government in luring foreign tourists by maximizing the power of international airports.

According to him, Aerothai has trained its air traffic controllers to manage high-intensity runway operations, which will enable Suvarnabhumi airport’s 68 flights per hour to increase to 94 – 104 flights.

Additionally, if Don Mueang airport’s third rail is finished by the end of the following year, it will be able to handle 57 flights per hour instead of 50. By the end of the following year, Phuket Airport will be able to handle 25 flights per hour, away from 20.

According to Mr. Noppasit, Aerothai has collaborated with China and Laos to develop air routes that support more local flights.

Continue Reading

Rail plan sped up to meet deadline

Govt eye 2027 complete for a dual-track program

When the double-track train system project, which will provide the region’s fresh Singapore-Kunming route, is finished by 2027, the government hopes to transform Thailand into a local cargo and passenger rail transportation hub.

According to Department of Rail Transport director-general Pichet Kunathammarak, the new system will connect the local road that connects Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, and China.

Thailand needs to speed up the second phase of its double-track railroad and the new Thai-Lao friendship bridge in order to open this new local road link by 2027, he said.

According to Mr. Pichet, the initial stage of the new train system will be completed next year, when the entire length of its double-track railway will have been increased to 627 km.

According to Mr. Pichet, the next phase’s plans call for the construction of 168 kilometers from Chumphon to Surat Thani, 57 billion baht for a 321 km section, and around 6.6 b h o t u s v e d i n g p c r y m f w l k q/ j – x.’ 68 km to Hat Yai

In order to make the planned connection of the double-track rail services through Thailand easier, the construction of these three — of seven — sections in the second phase, which span a total length of 1, 479 km, will need to be accelerated.

He stated that construction on the Hat Yai-Padang Besar section will start first, and later this month, the State Railway of Thailand( SRT ) will request cabinet approval for this sub-project.

According to Mr. Pichet, the Department of Highways has finished researching the possibility of constructing a second Thai-Lao connection bridge in Nong Khai and is currently preparing to layout the new bridge to accommodate the double-track rail.

The study concluded that since the northeast province’s first Thai-Lao bridge can also satisfy the demand for car transportation across the Mekong River, the new bridge may be constructed to serve transnational double-track rail services.

According to him, the new bridge’s construction is anticipated to take about three years and should start by first 2025 so that it can be inaugurated by the beginning of 2028.

According to him, it will be made to fit the typical trail measure of 1.435 meters.

Continue Reading

China’s imperial model and the Muslim World

As the United States and its allies learned when nations with 70 % of the world’s population rejected UN sanctions against Russia after February 2022, the Global South — with 85 % of its population — has retreated from the Western sphere of influence.

On October 27, 120 nations voted in favor of a UN General Assembly resolution that the United States opposed but which did not condemn Hamas’s invasion on Israel on October 7. The West learned this for the next time.

& nbsp: China’s expanding economic dominance in the developing world is by far the main cause of this tectonic shift in global politics.

Notably, China accomplished this with a full forward deployment of 200 soldiers( soldiers at its foundation in Djibouti ), in contrast to the US’s$ 7 trillion investment in the Global War on Terror over the previous 20 years. China has so far only used gentle authority, despite dire warnings from the US Defense Department and various think tank about its military interests in Eurasia.

Due to growing ties with Malaysia and Indonesia, the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia, and economic diplomacy in the Persian Gulf, China now exports more to the Muslim world($ 42 billion ) than the United States($ 38 billion ).

China’s export to the US increased to$ 40 billion per month in 2018 from simply$ 30 billion to nations with a majority of Muslims. China’s exports have increased significantly over the past five years, primarily from the Arab world and the Global South. China then exports as much to all developed markets as it does to the Global South nevertheless.

As a result of the Sinocentric inclusion of Asian trade and investment, Indonesia and Malaysia are China’s two biggest Muslim trading lovers.

Chinese imports have benefited greatly from the novel Silk Road across Asia. The former Soviet republics in Central Asia now import Chinese goods at a rate of almost$ 5 billion per month, up from about$ 2 billion in 2018. That has a security matrix, for sure: China decided it couldn’t rely on the US to put an end to jihadists on or near its borders after America’s careless withdrawal from Afghanistan, so it poured money into nearby economies.

Professor Zhang Weiwei of Fudan University told the” Observer” news website on November 3 that” the world has long entered the post-American era ,” and American strategists should pay close attention to him. This does not imply that America is no longer significant. The United States continues to play a significant role. It indicates that the United States is” going against the grain.”

Zhang compared US controls on tech exports to Jake Sullivan’s catchphrase,” little yard, higher fence ,” which he used to describe frog self-restraint in a well.

Zhang claimed that the United States” has isolated itself within this large fencing around a little garden.” Outside is the whole Global South, or non-Western world, which has the largest market, most solutions, and the greatest potential for development.

I went to a Huawei grow in Shenzhen next July. There are now only 15 workers per column, compared to the 80 workers there previously. The plant now produces 1, 800 5G base stations per day on three assembly lines. That facility, one of many run by Huawei, produces close to 700,000 base stations annually, or one-third of the world’s current power. The universe can be wired up industrially by China.

China gains significant social clout as a result. Zhang stated in the cited meeting to” The Observer”:

Although it is difficult, we want the United States to shift. China has had an unbroken society for thousands of years, and its own culture is the source of a great deal of knowledge. For instance, some Americans and Westerners do not accept China’s proposals for” peace and development.”

We cautioned the West against encouraging and supporting the” Arab Spring” when uprisings broke out in Arab nations because doing so would result in an Arab Winter.

The migrant crisis is currently one of the biggest issues facing Europe. Color uprisings have destroyed some nations in the Middle East and North Africa, and a sizable number of refugees have fled to Europe. nbsp: Peace and development are the only ways to address the issue of migrants.

In order to lessen the number of immigrants, we are promoting peaceful creation in Africa and the Middle East as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. So, it makes sense that European nations should take part in China’s” One Belt, One Road” program.

immigrants traveling to Europe. Screenshot from Huck Magazine

Zhang is totally correct: No other nation, besides China, has the means and ability to avert the economic hardship that drives refugees to Europe. The same argument was made by Asia Times editor Uwe Parpart in an article published on October 18 for the Swedish publication Weltwoche.

Between 1979 and the present, China’s per capita income increased from roughly$ 3 to$ 30 per day. This country is aware of how cutting-edge technology can significantly improve the lives of extremely poor people.

With the help of digital infrastructure, rural residents can use a$ 60 smartphone to access microcredit, sell on international markets, receive treatment via healthcare, or receive education in schools with few teachers. Artificial intelligence programs may be more successful in developing markets than in developed types.

I predicted that a” Pax Sinica” may appear in the Middle East ten years ago. China imported 53 % of its oil from the Persian Gulf in 2022. It is obviously interested in keeping hostilities from cutting off its crutch of power. As the largest consumer of Iran’s oil and its largest supplier of commercial goods, China has significant effect in Tehran, making it a moderating impact on Iran in that regard.

The Chinese, like the majority of nations, use mirrors instead than telescopes to watch the rest of the world. Peoples who also speak 200 dialects from six main language groups were assimilated into Chinese culture.

Contrary to Christian Europe, the Chinese empire rarely made an effort to bring its peoples together through faith. According to Sinologist Francisco Sisci, it required them to become” civilized ,” which required learning the written characters, dressing in Chinese attire, and paying taxes to the emperor.

Then, they were free to worship any gods and speak any dialect they wanted. The kingdom in turn provided order and system, both of which were essential in the vast flood flat of Central China.

China wants the Middle Eastern population to stay out of trouble and focus on making money in traditional Chinese style because it sees them as digital regions of a new Taiwanese economic kingdom. According to the standard display, President Xi Jinping responded to European representations about Ukraine and Israel in a video seminar with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz on November 3 as follows:

Whether it be the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or the Polish crisis, Xi Jinping emphasized that in order to address its underlying causes, we must think more deeply about security issues, uphold a common, all-encompassing, cooperative, and lasting security concept, as well as encourage the development of an effective, long-lasting security architecture.

Local imbalances and the growth and intensification of conflicts may result from squeezing other nations’ security spaces and arbitrarily supporting one part while ignoring the genuine demands of the other.

Of course, it’s not quite that easy. There are instances, and China’s strategy for dealing with jihadists inside its own borders has proven to be very successful. Punitive expeditions against unassailable barbarians have a long( but distant ) history in China.

In my role as an advisor to SIGNAL, a foundation that promotes Sino-Israeli relations, I have gone to numerous gatherings where eminent Chinese thought leaders explained that China’s position on Middle East issues was caused by the fact that the country had over 50 Arab embassies in comparison to one Israeli ambassador, and that its large Muslim population supported the Palestinians.

China, however, finds it difficult to comprehend why somebody doesn’t cut the center and resume operations. Nationalism, including its Jewish incarnation, is deeply despised by the Chinese.

That line of thinking has a defect, which is highlighted by China’s tripwire awareness regarding the Taiwan issue. Because one rogue state may serve as an example for many more, China will wage war to prevent Taiwan from achieving de jure freedom.

Although the ethnic groups of the Chinese empire may be preserved like flies in gold, they are not necessarily dead or dormant. The popular proverb from the Romance of Three Kingdoms,” The kingdom, much divided, must unite. much united. must divide ,” is the guiding principle of Chinese management.

China has had thousands of years to adapt its ethnic groups, but it is still impossible to guarantee their obedience. However, given that the empire has no desire to provide security, it is unreasonable to expect Eastern Asian countries and tribes to act in a Chinese manner.

China’s position on Center Eastern concerns is still atmospheric. Beijing earns positions for the Global South at a low cost. & nbsp, However, China’s contribution might increase significantly.

According to Zhang, the doctor mentioned earlier, China may have a crucial impact on the refugee crisis. Gaza is one particular migrant crisis that China might be able to assist with.

Menachem Begin, the prime minister of Israel, suggested to later Egyptian President Sadat in 1978 that Egypt should conquer Gaza and end the refugee crisis by naturalizing the Gazans. American diplomats have never considered this option because Sadat declined.

Immediately a second chance? 1977’s Sadat and Begin. Image: Wilson Center

Two-fifths of Egypt’s people live on$ 3 per day, making the country extremely impoverished. With the neighborhood Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas’ family firm, it already has a jihadist issue. It has imprisoned 40,000 Brotherhood members. It is not in need of more.

Egypt’s major opposition to annexing Gaza, however, may be economic if Israel could dismember Hamas. That is a problem that China, in collaboration with the Gulf States, might be able to resolve. China is already actively involved in Egypt, developing facilities and a brand-new high-tech area.

This kind of assistance to Egypt and Israel in resolving the Gaza issue could signify a political revolution if China wanted to take the lead in the Middle East.

Continue Reading