2. Phenol
Uses: This colourless oil is used to create wrinkle-resistant, robust and shrink-proof fabric. ” In hats, formaldehyde is generally used as part of the writing process to make them tough, wrinkle-resistant, water-repellent, and maintain its shape and construction”, said Asst Prof Seow.
Health results: With prolonged or repeated coverage, said Assoc Prof Verma, phenol is a skin and respiratory nuisance that can trigger “irritation of the nose, throat and lungs resulting in breathing, wheezing, sore throat and shortness of breath, especially in people with pre-existing respiratory problems such as asthma”.
As with phthalates, formaldehyde is also classified as a human cancer by the IARC. ” Extended exposure to formaldehyde, mainly through ingestion, has been linked to an increased risk of specific cancers, including laryngeal cancer and leukaemia”, he said. This is especially thus for workers in business settings but “long-term coverage from consumer goods may also help” to the danger, he cautioned.
3. LEAD
Uses: This metal , may be present as a contaminant in some raw materials or additives used in the production of insoles, said Asst Prof Seow. ” For example, certain dyes, pigments or recycled materials might contain lead”.
Health effects: According to Assoc Prof Verma, “lead interferes with brain development by disrupting synapse formation, neurotransmitter release and myelination”. Other than neurotoxicity, the metal can also cause cardiovascular issues, kidney damage, reproductive and developmental toxicity, gastrointestinal problems and anaemia.
Even low levels of lead can cause significant neurodevelopmental delays, lowered IQ, learning difficulties, and behavioral issues, he said. Children are vulnerable. In adults, chronic exposure can result in cognitive decline, memory loss and difficulty with concentration.