Financial abuse and women: How to spot red flags and where victims can get help in Singapore

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Right after Anna got married, her husband insisted on knowing about all the transactions in her bank account, even when the activity did not concern him. 

He told her that as her husband, he should oversee all their money. He also said that he wanted to take care of her, and didn’t want her to work or worry about finances.

But this wasn’t the case, in reality. Anna found it difficult to ask her husband for money – he would question her and make her feel guilty for wanting to buy anything. 

“Once, my shirt was torn and he asked whether I really needed a new shirt and kept grumbling that it was a waste of money to buy a new one for me,” Anna said. 

“I had no money except for the rare times he would give me cash to spend at the supermarket and I could keep the change,” Anna added. “Or when he’d give a little more than what I’d spent in a single receipt. Whatever few coins I could get, I would save secretly.”

When the couple had kids, it became even more difficult for Anna to ask her husband for money.  

“I had to be the one taking care of the kids and buying them things,” she said. “But I wasn’t given any money for baby essentials like food and diapers or new clothes.”

She had to wait for her husband to buy what the kids needed or, when the situation was desperate, scrape together whatever she had from her secret stash to pay for them herself. 

“Throughout those years of my marriage, I was so stressed and anxious yet I felt powerless,” Anna said. “I felt as though he was questioning me all the time for every single thing I needed to get for me, for our household, for our family — I always felt wrong to ask.”

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Struggling to rebuild their lives after prison, homeless ex-offenders find hope in a halfway house in Geylang

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First-time residents, who walk in or are referred by prisons and medical institutions, have to undergo an initial assessment before they can get a spot at the shelter. The shelter sees around 30 to 50 referrals a month, and aims to take in about seven to 10 men each month.

Admission criteria require them to be Singaporean, have been released from prison within the last three years and possess basic English proficiency so they can understand the programme, added Mr Nurdin. 

Treatment criteria, on the other hand, cover “how open, willing and authentic they are during the interview and in terms of their recovery progress”.

Despite the stringent criteria, Mr Kalay wasn’t asked to leave even after getting caught drinking and smoking. He realises that he would have been “straight away kicked (out)” at most other places with his transgressions. 

“I was very (ashamed). They trust me then I go and do this nonsense. I learnt that people really care for you. But if you don’t care for yourself, (that is a) problem already,” he said.

Mr Kalay is determined to keep on the straight and narrow this time. Admitting that he used to throw around the word “change” loosely, he now knows “who I am (and) why I’m here” and what he needs to change about himself before he leaves the shelter.

Some things have already changed. For one, he now enjoys running, participating in a 5km run in June which made him “very happy”. 

He even planned to take part in HCSA’s fundraising challenge “Everesting for Second Chances” – open to the public until the end of July – in support of ex-offenders before work got in the way. 

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Commentary: Tech solutions and loss sharing won’t be enough without vigilance against scams

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Work on this framework has been ongoing since early 2022 but announcement of more concrete details has been repeatedly postponed. This is because the inclusion of third parties as an undefined and ever-expanding class beyond banks and telcos (as the CPF incidents illustrate) is always going to be tricky. 

Should it also cover other similar institutions such as the Central Depository, mobile phone technology and social media platforms, dating sites, postal and courier services, or other parties whose shortcomings contribute to the leak of credentials?  

Or when it comes to CPF funds and savings accounts, predominantly meant as retirement savings and possibly the last safety net for a segment of society, should there be a case for special treatment? 

On Jul 4, the Ministry of Manpower said that insurance schemes were not part of the shared responsibility framework, hours after the Manpower Minister Tan See Leng suggested the government was considering insurance to protect CPF members.

One should note that the framework is expected to promote shared responsibility to avoid the moral hazard of users simply washing their hands off responsibility for their own actions. Internationally, this area is very much a work in progress. 

In the United Kingdom, the Contingent Reimbursement Model has operated in the last four years as a voluntary code adopted mainly by the big banks to reimburse scam victims. Historically, it has paid about 50 per cent of the reported losses. 

The United States is also studying this model while Australia is believed to be studying one similar to Singapore’s.

CYBER CRIMINALS DON’T STAND STILL

In the meantime, it is clear that cyber criminals are not standing still. They will continue to evolve, looking for new human weaknesses and technological vulnerabilities. 

In some reported cases, cyber scams have been linked to human trafficking by deceiving victims to travel to foreign locations; others have deployed deep fake voice and video technology to fool victims. 

Where scammers will strike tomorrow is anyone’s guess. Therefore, no single measure can be the panacea for this scourge.

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India LGBTQ+ couples: 'My parents were ready to kill me for their honour'

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In this picture taken on January 8, 2023, a gender rights activist of LGBTQ community takes part in the Delhi queer pride parade in New Delhi. (Photo by Sajjad HUSSAIN / AFP) (Photo by SAJJAD HUSSAIN/AFP via Getty Images)Getty Images
By Divya Arya
BBC News

When 17-year-old Manoj – who was recorded female sex at birth – told his family that he felt like a man and loved a woman, he almost got killed.

He says his parents refused to accept him, tied his hands and feet, beat him up badly and locked him up in a corner of the house. His father threatened to kill him.

“The violence was beyond anything I had imagined,” he says.

“I had thought whatever be my truth, I would be accepted, after all this was my family. But my parents were ready to kill me for their honour.”

For a woman in rural India, wanting to assert the right to identify as a trans man could lead to sharp retaliation.

Manoj says he was pulled out of the village school in one of India’s poorest states – Bihar in northern India – and forcibly married to a man twice his age.

“I even contemplated taking my own life, but my girlfriend stood by me through it all. That I am alive, and we are together now, is because she didn’t give up on me,” he says.

Now 22, and hiding in a big city for the past year, Manoj and his girlfriend, Rashmi, are eagerly awaiting the Supreme Court’s verdict on their petition asking for the legal right to marry.

India decriminalised gay sex in 2018, but same-sex marriages are still not recognised. The Supreme Court heard 21 petitions asking for legalisation this year and a ruling is expected soon.

While others have argued for the right to marry as a matter of equality, Manoj and Rashmi’s petition, filed jointly with two couples and four LGBTQ+ feminist activists, asserts that marriage is a way out of the brutal physical and mental violence inflicted on them by their own families.

“Legal recognition of our relationship is the only way out of this life of fear,” Manoj says.

India has half-a-million transgender people, as counted in the last census in 2011, a number that activists believe is a gross underestimation.

In 2014, the Supreme Court had ruled that trans people be recognised as the third gender. Five years later, India passed a law that prohibits discrimination in education, employment, healthcare and criminalises offences against them, including physical, sexual, emotional and economic abuse.

But violence from families is a complex challenge.

Trans rights

Violent families

Most laws and the society perceive family by blood, marriage, or adoption as the safest space for individuals, says Mumbai-based feminist lawyer Veena Gowda.

“Familial violence is not unknown to any of us, be it against the wife, children, or queer trans people. But it is made consciously invisible, as seeing it and acknowledging it would mean questioning the very institution of ‘family’,” she says.

Ms Gowda was part of a panel comprising a retired judge, lawyers, academicians, activists and a government social worker that heard detailed testimonies of familial violence faced by 31 people from the LGBTQ+ community in a closed-door public hearing.

Its findings were published in April this year in a report titled, ‘Apno ka bahut lagta hai’ (Our own hurt us the most) that recommended that LGBTQ+ people be given the right to choose their own family.

“Seeing the nature of violence faced by the testifiers, it would amount to denying them their very right to life and life with dignity if they do not have a right to choose their own family, free from violence,” Ms Gowda says.

“The right to marry would be a way of creating this new family and redefining it.”

A few months after his forced marriage, Manoj tried to get together again with Rashmi, but was tracked down by his “spouse”, who he says threatened to sexually assault both of them.

They escaped to the nearest railway station and boarded the first train that was leaving but he says they were found by their family and brought home to a fresh round of beatings.

“He was being forced to sign a ‘suicide letter’ that blamed me for his death,” Rashmi recounts.

Manoj’s resistance meant he was locked up again and his mobile phone taken away.

It was only after Rashmi contacted a LGBTQ+ feminist resource group and the women cell of the local police that they were able to get protection and escape Manoj’s family home.

They moved into a government shelter for trans people but had to move out soon as Rashmi is not a transgender person.

Trans rights

Getty Images

Escape and survival

Manoj was also able to get a divorce. But support systems that help in escaping violent families and building a new life are few.

Koyel Ghosh, who uses “they” and “them” as personal pronouns, is the managing trustee of Sappho for Equality, the first Lesbian-Bisexual-Transmasculine people rights collective in eastern India that started two decades ago. They remember clearly the day in 2020 they got a helpline call about a couple who had run away to a city in eastern India but then had to sleep on the footpath for seven nights.

“We rented a space and put them there so that they had temporary shelter for three months and they could focus on getting a job as that is the only way they can build a new life,” Koyel says.

Apart from social stigma, the threat of violence at home, disrupted education and forced marriages, many trans people also struggle to find stable employment.

India’s last census showed that their literacy rate at 49.76% was much lower than the country’s 74.04%.

According to a survey of 900 trans people in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh by the National Human Rights Commission in 2017, 96% had been denied jobs or forced into begging and sex work.

Saphho has set up a shelter to help runaway couples rebuild their lives – 35 couples have been housed there in the past two years.

It’s tough work. Koyel gets three to five distress calls daily and regularly reaches out to a support network of lawyers to find solutions.

“I have received death threats, faced mobs in villages, hostility in police stations because I am also open with my queer identity and they just can’t deal with it,” Koyel says.

When Asif, a trans man, and his girlfriend, Samina, reached out to Koyel, they were at their local police station in a village in eastern India.

Samina alleges that the constables called her a eunuch and said she should have died instead of going public with her relationship.

Childhood friends-turned-lovers, they had fled their families twice before but were brought back. This was their last chance to escape and they needed support.

“It was only when Koyel arrived that the police’s bad behaviour stopped. A senior officer chided their juniors for their prejudice and ignorance of laws as public servants,” Samina says.

Now living safely in a big city, the couple are co-petitioners with Manoj and Rashmi in the Supreme Court.

“We are happy now. But we need that piece of paper, a marriage certificate, to deter our families and community with fear of penalties or police action,” Asif says.

“If the Supreme Court doesn’t help us, we may have to die. We will never be accepted as we are, will remain on the run, always afraid of being separated,” he says.

Names of petitioners have been changed to protect their identities.

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Women's World Cup: Steel Roses outkick men in Chinese football

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Xue Jiao and Wu Haiyan of China gesture during the Olympic Women's Football match between South Africa and China PR at Olympic Stadium on August 6, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Getty Images
By Fan Wang & Zhijie Shao
in Singapore and Hong Kong

As a defender for China’s women’s national football team, Xue Jiao recalls how her squad did the impossible in 2015 when they ended the US team’s 11-year unbeaten streak at home in Los Angeles.

Xue says the display of willpower showed the world why Chinese fans call them the Steel Roses. And she hopes the team will live up to that name during the Women’s World Cup taking place in Australia and New Zealand.

“Everyone thought we would lose when the Americans invited us to join the match. But football is round, you never know what will happen until the very last second,” the 30-year-old Xue, now retired, tells the BBC.

“To beat one of the best teams in the world, in their home country, and break such a winning record… that victory put us over the moon,” says Xue, who will watch the World Cup from her home in the north-eastern city of Dalian.

China has work to do to get to the next round. After losing their first game to Denmark, they have to beat Haiti in Adelaide on Friday to remain hopeful for the next round when they face England next Tuesday.

Outside the World Cup however, the Steel Roses are outperforming their male counterparts in China, a remarkable feat in a country that has long associated the sport with men.

No matter the results at the World Cup, the team will be welcomed as heroes.

“The girls have demonstrated the great demeanour of Chinese women’s football, showed their desire for victory, and that was the most valuable quality passed on by generations of Chinese women’s football,” says Huang Jianxiang, one of the most famous football commentators in the country, after the first game.

“They looked much better than our men’s team,” read one comment from China’s social media platform Weibo.

Team spirit

For years, the women’s football team has been a source of pride while the men’s team is seen as a constant disappointment.

The women’s team is currently ranked 14th in the world while the men are in 80th place.

Sun Wen #9, forward for China attempts to dribble the football through the Swedish defence during the Group D match of the FIFA Women's World Cup against Sweden on 19th June 1999 at the Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California, United States. China won the game 2 - 1.

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China’s men peaked in the early 2000s, when they qualified for the World Cup finals for the first – and only time – in 2002 and came second in the Asian Cup in 2004

The women’s team, on the other hand, has a much longer history of winning at international tournaments. They dominated the sport in the 90s and hosted the first Women’s World Cup in 1991.

The women’s team also entered its prime during that decade. Captained by Sun Wen, widely considered one of the greatest female footballers of all time, the team was invincible in Asia, and won silver medals at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and the 1999 World Cup.

At home, the team is beloved as the Steel Roses, which is also the title of their theme song that millions of Chinese know by heart.

Xue says the keys to their success are intensive training and the close bond built among them during the sessions – a tradition passed from the old generations.

Their training hours are longer than most of the teams, she says. Each session usually takes two to two and half hours, and they train up to three times a day, from morning to evening.

“Even if the ball goes out, we will still chase it till the last second. That spirit has always been within the team,” she says.

The real national football team

While the team’s current play is not on the level of their 90s heyday, they are relatively strong compared with the men’s team.

So much so that many in China have been calling the women’s squad the country’s real gouzu, or national team – not the men.

Chinese fans of Argentina cheer prior to the international friendly match between Argentina and Australia at Workers Stadium on June 15, 2023 in Beijing, China.

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But the patriarchal nature of Chinese society remains on the men’s team’s side.

When the Chinese Football Association unveiled plans in 2016 to make China a football superpower – a vision set out by President Xi Jinping, most of the resources and strategies focused on the men.

“The national football development plans were essentially framed in male terms,” says Simon Chadwick, professor of Sport and Geopolitical Economy at Skema Business School in Paris.

Xue also concedes that football in China is “quite patriarchal”.

“The financial disparity is huge, and the attention we get is not on the same level. When it comes to men’s games, the seats would be filled up a lot of times, but when we compete, the spectators are usually just our families and friends.”

As in many countries, it’s also the men who rake in the money. According to the government-backed Shanghai Observer, the average income of clubs in the women’s professional football league is 60 to 90 times less than the men’s.

Will reforms work?

The gender divide has worked to the women’s advantage in several respects. They have been spared from the noise and dirty rumours that typically hound men and this has become obvious during this World Cup season.

Since November, at least 13 senior officials were investigated or punished as part of a crackdown on corruption and match-fixing.

The crackdown targeted men’s league and national teams – one of the officials is a legendary player and former head coach of the men’s national team Li Tie.

Big money on the men’s side of the sport likely brings with it more temptation to cheat, according to Mark Dreyer, author of Sporting Superpower, a book about China’s sporting ambitions.

There is also less intervention from the Communist Party officials when it comes to management and governance, giving them wider breathing room for development, argues Prof Chadwick.

“There are regular, unpredictable, and sometimes damaging state interventions into football,” says he. “And the Chinese government and Chinese football authorities went after men. They didn’t go after women.”

However, when the Chinese Football Association issued a reform plan for women’s football last year, many saw it as a signal of more state involvement that could throw the team off course.

The bottom-to-top approach that has worked to grow football contradicts the top-down set-up of Chinese society, says Mr Dreyer.

“All this [the orders] comes from the government and filters down through people who absolutely have no idea about football by large… China can’t make it work because it can’t resolve this contradiction between bottoms up and top down.”

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Scientist Winston Chow first Singaporean to be elected to UN's top climate body

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SINGAPORE: Associate Professor Winston Chow has been elected co-chair of the bureau of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations’ top climate science body.

A Lee Kong Chian Research Fellow at the Singapore Management University, Assoc Prof Chow had previously served as a lead author for the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report on Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

His nomination was one of 17 for the role of co-chair. Following his successful election, he will work with Professor Bart van den Hurk of the Netherlands as fellow co-chairs.

According to the IPCC’s website, the 34-member IPCC Bureau provides guidance to the panel on scientific and technical aspects of its assessments, in addition to giving advice on management and strategic issues.

Assoc Prof Chow, who specialises in urban climate, will head the Working Group II on Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

The Working Group II assesses the “vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate change and options for adapting to it”, according to the IPCC.

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Cop on trial: Prosecution seeks to impeach former mother-in-law as witness for changing evidence

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SINGAPORE: The prosecution is seeking to impeach the credit of a witness in the trial of suspended police officer Kevin Chelvam, who is accused of criminal offences related to the death of a maid in his household.

The witness, Chelvam’s former mother-in-law Prema S Naraynasamy, had purportedly given inconsistent testimony in court that was different from what she had previously said in police statements and her own court documents for her offences.

The case stems from the death of 24-year-old Myanmar maid Piang Ngaih Don, following months of abuse and starvation by Chelvam’s then-wife, Gaiyathiri Murugayan, and her mother Prema.

Gaiyathiri and Prema have already been convicted for their roles in the fatal abuse, and are serving 30 and 17 years’ jail.

Prema in particular pleaded guilty to instigating Chelvam to remove a closed-circuit television (CCTV) recorder that contained incriminating footage of the regular assaults on the maid.

Chelvam is the last to be dealt with by the courts. He is on trial for four charges of hurting the maid, abetting Gaiyathiri in starving her, removing evidence in the form of the CCTV recorder and lying to the police.  

Even though Prema had pleaded guilty to all her offences and accepted court documents that detailed how she had directed Chelvam to remove the CCTV recorder, Prema gave an account in court that the prosecution said was “a blatant attempt” to change evidence.

THE “NEW” EVIDENCE

Deputy Public Prosecutor Sean Teh said Prema made three new points in court. First, she said she was trying to pull the CCTV recorder out, before Chelvam came and ripped it out.

Second, she claimed that she felt Chelvam unplugged the CCTV recorder because he was afraid that she would get electrocuted.

Third, she said that Chelvam threw the CCTV recorder on the bed and left the house.

Mr Teh said this was “entirely inconsistent with the version of events” Prema had previously given the police. This was a statement she gave on the day the maid was found dead.

Asked to explain the inconsistencies, Prema insisted that her new version was the correct one. She said that she was not “feeling mentally well” and did not know “what to talk” as she was very distressed and felt like she was “going insane”.

She also said she was not concentrating when the police statement was taken and instead “panicked” as she did not know what to do.

When pressed by the prosecution, she said: “I’m just lost. I don’t understand anything. I’m scared.”

When Mr Teh put it to Prema that her new oral testimony about pulling out the CCTV recorder was a blatant attempt to change her evidence using her testimony in court, Prema said: “No, your honour, I promise I never do that. I don’t want to change anything.”

“To my knowledge, I was trying to do it first, not that I’m trying to cover Kevin, no. As far as I’m concerned, I was the one who was trying to remove it, and then Kevin ripped it out,” said Prema.

“Why would you suggest that you were covering for Kevin?” asked Mr Teh.

“You’re asking the same question over and over again, it seems to me like that from the question,” answered Prema.

The prosecution was unable to complete their cross-examination of Prema with a view to impeach her, because of time constraints. The cross-examination will continue on Friday.

If Prema’s credit as a witness is impeached, the court may choose not to rely on her oral testimony in court, preferring instead other statements she had made.

This development came at the tail-end of Prema’s turn on the stand. She had been testifying for two full days as a prosecution witness in Chelvam’s trial.

PROSECUTION GRILLING ITS OWN WITNESS

Earlier on Friday, Mr Teh had asked Prema questions about certain answers she gave defence lawyer Pratap Kishan.

He said Prema gave a “glowing character reference” of Chelvam, saying he was not the sort of person who would cause hurt to the maid.

She also claimed that Chelvam was just trying to wake the maid up by lifting her head, in an incident captured on CCTV footage.

CCTV footage played in court showed Prema hitting the maid repeatedly before giving her a plate of food. As the maid sat on the kitchen floor eating slowly, Gaiyathiri and Prema were seen gesturing at her.

Chelvam, who was washing dishes in the kitchen, was later shown lifting the maid by grabbing her hair. As the maid was lightweight, she was hoisted off the floor while still in cross-legged position.

When Mr Teh tried to show Prema the footage and asked her to explain her evidence, Prema refused to look at it, saying she was “unable to”.

She did the same for all other footage of the maid being abused, refusing to look at the screen and staring at the Tamil interpreter instead, or looking down.

Prema steadfastly maintained that she had never deprived the maid of any food and that the maid was never starved as punishment for mistakes. Instead, she insisted that the maid ate a lot.

Mr Teh showed her extracts of messages from a family group chat, which included herself, Gaiyathiri, Chelvam and her former daughter-in-law Isabella.

In one exchange, Gaiyathiri told the group that she caught the maid stealing spoilt ondeh ondeh from the dustbin at 1am. She said the maid locked herself in the toilet to eat it.

“She loves the dustbin so much. Piece of shit,” said Gaiyathiri in the group chat.

The maid weighed only 24kg including her body bag when she died on Jul 26, 2016.

Turning to Prema, Mr Teh said: “According to you, Don always stole food. And you knew Gaiyathiri tied her to the window grille to prevent her from stealing food. Why do you think Don had to steal food?”

“She eats a lot. Whatever it is, she eats a lot,” said Prema. “She eat as we give and give. Kevin is the only one working. If she is going to eat 1 or 2 kilos a day, how is Kevin going to survive?”

“We give her food as normal but she eats more than that. In that case, Kevin has to be a millionaire,” she exclaimed.

“In prison, I get four pieces of bread. Some of them are really hungry. Four pieces of bread is not enough, but they cannot get more than that. It’s standard. Four slices. So is the rice.”

The prosecutor then cut in, saying: “This trial, Madam Prema, is about Don. It’s not about you.”

“But you’re asking me questions,” retorted Prema.

She had told the court previously that she gave the maid four slices of bread and a big cup of coffee for breakfast.

Mr Teh put it to her that some of her evidence, which was brand new information, was “an afterthought and a complete fabrication”, but Prema disagreed.

The trial continues on Friday and Gaiyathiri is expected to testify at some point.

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Recent scandals a 'setback' for PAP, government; response matters more when things go wrong: DPM Wong

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Less than a week after news of the CPIB probe involving Mr Iswaran broke, former Speaker of Parliament Tan Chuan-Jin – who had recently apologised for using “unparliamentary language” – and MP Cheng Li Hui resigned from parliament and the PAP after it was revealed the pair had an affair.

Answering questions on the matter, Mr Lee said he was first alerted to the relationship between Mr Tan and Ms Cheng after the last General Election in 2020, and had spoken to the former about this relationship most recently in February. 

Mr Tan admitted his mistake and offered his resignation at the time. 

After their conversation in February, Mr Lee had accepted Mr Tan’s resignation, but told him “I needed to make sure the residents of Kembangan-Chai Chee and Marine Parade continued to be taken care of”.

But “very recently”, Mr Lee came across information that “strongly suggested” that Mr Tan and Ms Cheng’s relationship had continued, and he “decided then that Mr Tan had to go forthwith”.

Responding to a question from BBC about whether the government was “actually being upfront” about Mr Iswaran’s arrest and the extramarital affair between Mr Tan and Ms Cheng, Mr Wong said he understood why people have these questions. 

On Mr Iswaran’s case, Mr Wong stressed again that the CPIB is an independent agency that has legal powers to conduct thorough investigations. “And it is up to them, their operational prerogative, what information to put up at every stage of the investigation.” 

When Mr Lee and Mr Wong spoke on the issue when the news broke, the information was based on the CPIB statement at the time, the latter noted during the BBC interview. 

“We did not want to go beyond what CPIB was prepared to say on that day,” said Mr Wong. 

“There are operational considerations and it is up to CPIB to make that call. They decided not to say it at the start, but a few days later, they were prepared to reveal the fact that the Minister was arrested. After all, bear in mind, on this case, there was no public information about it.” 

When asked about whether he understood the public’s frustration about having the right to know when the arrest was made, Mr Wong said that he did. 

“But I hope the public also understands and respects operational considerations, and the autonomy and independence in which CPIB acts,” he continued. 

“I believe Singaporeans have full trust in the work of the CPIB; that throughout our history, their track record is clear and evident for all to see. We have zero tolerance for corruption and CPIB acts independently, and are very thorough in their investigation.” 

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SFA lifts suspension of caterer involved in gastroenteritis outbreak at three MindChamps preschools

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This includes disposing of all ready-to-eat food, thawed food and perishable food items, as well as cleaning and sanitising their premises – including equipment and utensils. They also disinfected food preparation surfaces, tables and floors. Additionally, food handlers have re-attended and passed the Food Safety Course Level 1, and foodContinue Reading