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The United States ‘ response to the social upheaval appears uncertain because a new state is expected to emerge in Syria following a sudden revolution earlier this year. Rebel groups quickly overthrew Syria’s lifelong head, Bashar al-Assad, on December 8, 2024, sending the tyrant into exile in Russia.

President Joe Biden has stated that the US will be monitoring the rebel groups ‘ behavior and that they have a “grim history of extremism.” However, Donald Trump, the president-elect, has stated that the US may not engage in the immediate acquisition and its aftermath.

Jordan Tama, a professor of US international policy at American University, spoke with The Conversation US to better understand the role the US has played in Syria and what Assad’s abrupt demise may think for this connection.

What aspect of US military relationship with Syria is most crucial to be aware of?

US presence in Syria dates back to at least 2011, when the Arab Spring, a pro-democracy Middle East opposition movements, broke out and spread to Syria.

This prompted a brutal assault by the Arab government, led by Arab chief al-Assad. Some of the activists later joined rebel groups in Syria and fought the Assad state, leading to a civil war. The US instantly imposed severe economic sanctions on Syria’s government.

Some of the insurgent parties that were restraining the Assad government began receiving weapons from the US in 2013. By using biochemical weaponry against civilians, the Syrian army even crossed a “red range” that was established by then-President Barack Obama that season. Obama opted never to act despite being under pressure to maintain the dark line once Assad agreed to end Syria’s chemical weapons, a duty Assad did not fully live up to.

In 2014, the Islamic State group, often known as ISIS or IS, took over pieces of Syria. In 2015, the US immediately sent its troops to combat IS. By 2019, the US had seriously weakened IS, and the US scaled back its appearance. The US not accepted the Assad administration’s legitimacy, but it did become largely resigned to Assad’s law.

What does US presence look like at the moment?

In a number of methods, the US has continued to be involved in Syria. Second, it has about 900 soldiers deployed in some distant elements of Syria to stop ISIS from regrouping.

Next, the US has provided more than US$ 1 billion in military support to more modest armed organizations that the Assad authorities had fought against. The Syrian Democratic Forces, a military force led by the Kurds, a minority ethnic group in northeast Syria, has collaborated tightly with the US to combat ISIS while preserving its antagonism to Assad.

Third, the US has continued to impose stringent economic sanctions against the Arab state since 2011. And third, the US has been providing humanitarian aid for Syria suffering from the country’s 13-year legal conflict.

The US did not directly participate in the new uprising against the Arab government. Turkey, which seeks to undermine the Arab branch of another Kurdish organization known as the Kurdistan Workers ‘ Party, is primarily behind the Syrian rebel organizations that overthrew Assad. Turkey sights this organization as a threat to power its own Shiite population.

What does the US’s support for the Assad government think?

The US is still unsure as to whether this change will benefit the country. Nevertheless, Assad’s fall opens the possibility of increased relationships between the US and Syria, but that will hinge, in large part, on the new management in Syria.

Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, or Units, the team that led the destroy of Assad, has ruled in an authentic sense in the area of Syria it has already been controlling.

The US is likewise concerned about ISIS, which is still ongoing. In recent days, the US has launched a number of attacks against ISIS targets in an effort to stop the organization from gaining floor following the fall of the Assad government.

What does Trump’s election suggest for the US relationship in Syria?

Trump has stated that Syria is a disaster and that it is not the fault of the United States. Trump’s experts persuaded him to maintain a small number of troops in Syria after they persuaded him to withdraw all of the remaining US troops from his first word. Trump likely didn’t care whether Syria’s new frontrunners act in an authoritarian sense or not.

Trump, however, is a staunch supporter of Israel, and it’s possible that he won’t be too upset if Israel launches attacks in Syria.

Under Trump, the US will likely not become a significant factor in shaping activities in Syria, but I believe it is in the country’s best interest to continue cooperating because what happens in Syria has an impact on the rest of the Middle East and, consequently, the US.

American University School of International Service provost associate teacher Jordan Tama

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The Palestinian powder-keg and political risk

David Goldman argues that there is a disconnect between escalating geopolitical tensions, especially in Ukraine and Syria, and subdued industry threat assessments. As the fall of the Assad regime raises the risk of jihadist threats against Russia and China, confusion persists.

Merz fails to notice Germany’s main concern

Diego Faßnacht shows Germany’s financial struggles, driven by higher energy costs stemming from its shutdown of nuclear power plants, rely on costly US gasoline imports, and the loss of cheap Russian energy. These elements have accelerated de-industrialization.

Russia has benefits in the forefront before Trump 2.0.

James Davis reports that Russian troops continue to dominate in Ukraine, achieving significant regional increases in November 2024, with improvements in the Kursk obvious, Donbass, and southern sides. However, the collapse of the Assad regime in Syria complicates Russia’s place.

Japan’s grips with a modern trade deficit

&nbsp, Scott Foster examines Japan’s growing “digital imbalance”, a major industry disparity in online services like software registration, sky storage, and online platforms, which surpassed ¥5.35 trillion in 2023 and is projected to reach ¥6.5 trillion this year. &nbsp,

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Big stocks of the illegal drug captagon have apparently been discovered following the fall of the al-Assad government in Syria.

The supplies, found by Arab rebels, are believed to be linked to al-Assad defense office, implicating the fallen program in the product’s manufacture and distribution.

Captagon was previously a medical drug, similar to some of the legal substances we still use today for conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD), as we’ll observe.

Captagon was again a medicinal

Captagon is the original name for a vintage chemical pharmaceutical drug that was created in Germany in the 1960s. It was an option to drug and drugs, which were both used as treatments at the time.

The original substance, which was developed to treat conditions like ADHD and insomnia, contained the active component fenethylline. It had a similar apply to some of the officially available substances we also use now, such as dexamphetamine.

Captagon has identical results to stimulants. It increases serotonin in the mind, leading to emotions of well-being, satisfaction and joy. It also improves target, attention and strength. But it has a lot of unwanted side effects, like as low-level illness.

The medicine was first mainly sold in the Middle East and some parts of Europe. It was available over the counter ( without a prescription ) in Europe for a short time before it became prescription-only.

Prior to becoming a managed substance in the 1980s, it only dimly received US approval, but it was still permitted to treat insomnia in some European nations until recently.

Captagon’s production, according to the International Narcotics Control Board, had stopped by 2009.

The illegal business seized control of the situation.

The illegally produced type is typically referred to as captagon ( with a small c ). Because it is thought that men in Middle Eastern war-torn locations use it to aid in their concentration and energy, it is sometimes called” chemical courage.”

For example, it’s been reported to have been discovered on the body of Hamas soldiers during the Israeli-Hamas issue. Its production is fairly easy and cheap, making it an obvious goal for the black-market medication trade.

Nearly all of the black market captagon is then produced in Syria and neighboring Lebanon. It’s most frequently used in the Middle East, and some Gulf state have it for recreational purposes.

It is one of the most prevalent illegal medicines in Syria.

Captagon generated more than US$ 7.3 billion in Syria and Lebanon between 2020 and 2022, according to a new record ( roughly$ 2.4 billion a year ).

What we usually know about illegal drugs is that any seizures or restrictions on the sale of drugs only have a small impact on the market because another producer or distributor opens up to meet demand.

Given the size of the Middle East captagon business, these most recent pharmaceutical insights and spasms are likely to only temporarily decrease production.

Nicole Lee is an adjunct professor at Curtin University’s Curtin University’s National Drug Research Institute ( Melbourne ).

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A coalition of Syrian rebel groups led by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham ( HTS ) has seized control of Damascus, putting President Bashar al-Assad in exile, and evoking a new uncertain future for the war-torn country. Despite China’s range from the war core, the rebel acquisition may be setting off warnings in Beijing.

China’s concern comes from credible reports of the Turkestan Islamic Party ( TIP ) fighting alongside HTS. A Uyghur separatist group with strong ties to al-Qaeda and its affiliated organizations, the TIP, also known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement ( ETIM), has roots in China’s troubled western province of Xinjiang.

It is attempting to establish an independent Muslim status in East Turkestan in Xinjiang. China, the UN, and the US designated TIP as a terrorist organization off until 2020, respectively. The terrorist organization was established in Pakistan but has since gained traction in Afghanistan’s neighbor. In recent years, the team’s control in Afghanistan and Pakistan waned under Foreign stress.

In a strange turn of events, many of the insurgents and their people found refuge in Idlib, a rebel-held region of Syria. Imad Moustapha, the then-Syrian ambassador to China, claimed that Syria had 5,000 or 5,000 Rohingya militants by 2017.

Turkey supported the Hole’s relocation to Syria, a move that successfully killed two birds with one punch. Turkey was able to support the oppressed Slavic brethren in areas under its control in northern Syria. It is friendly to the situation there.

Additionally, Turkey wants to create a pro-Turkey bulwark against the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces ( SDF) in eastern Syria. Turkey thinks that Kurdish separatists on both sides of the border may join forces to undermine its regional dignity and national security if the SDF takes control of the Syrian side of the Turkish-Syrian borders.

The TIP therefore armed itself in Syria when it arrived along with other Arab insurgent parties against the Assad government and its SDF allies. The Emir of HTS, Abu Mohammed al-Golani, has &nbsp, said,” The TIP has been in Syria for seven years and has never posed a threat to the outside world.

Because they face persecution in China, which we highly oppose, and have nowhere to go, they are determined to defend Idlib from the Assad administration’s aggression. However, our battle against China is not ours. They are welcome to stay as long as they follow our guidelines, which they do.

Units does not appear to have any interest in engaging with China beyond expressing support for the Uyghur reason. In that regard, HTS‘ success in the Syrian civil war does not create a direct threat to China.

But, TIP insurgents gaining fight experience does. The TIP is fighting in Syria, according to Chinese Major General Jin Yinan, to draw notice to the Uyghur reason and get fight knowledge so they can use those fighting abilities against Beijing one day.

The state was confirmed when Abdul Haq al-Turkistani, the TIP’s Emir, demanded that Uyghurs from all over the planet” come together to combat China and the Assad regime.” Now, we are helping our boys pay jihad in Greater Syria. The Islamist troops must be prepared to rescue Xinjiang from its communist occupiers by tomorrow.

Beijing claims that the TIP carried out terrorist problems in China in 2008, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Attacks included driving cars into pedestrians, violence with knives in common areas, auto bombs, and suicide bombings.

If the group is responsible for all of the claimed problems, it is difficult to establish. Some were most likely carried out by wayward wolf upset with Xinjiang’s social-economic disparity.

However, Beijing blames the party for all of the attacks and has implemented limiting measures, epitomized by massive incarceration facilities, in the Uyghur’s house state in response. There are obvious indications that the unrest is still bubbling just beneath the surface despite these rigorous measures.

However, China’s Permanent Consultant to the UN claimed in 2022 that TIP-related violence had resurrected recently, claiming that the organization is using Syria as a base to recruit and train insurgents to attack China and Central Asia.

Beijing pledged to” coordinate with Syria and other related parties to conflict TIP violence” in order to combat the reemergent risk. The statement was made in response to rumors that TIP had been involved in an attack last year that left 112 people dead at a military academy in Palmyra. What the speech meant in real practice, but, remains unclear.

Rumors of Taiwanese regiment operations to Syria surfaced in 2017 and 2018, but in the end, nothing were deployed. Additionally, while weapons made in China were delivered to the government, they were both redistributed by next parties or long-agolysed to Syria. After the civil war broke out, no immediate revenue of weapons were made.

Despite TIP’s supposed rising risk to China’s regional security, Beijing has remained staunch to its decade-long modus operandi of non-intervention. It has been happy to fly on another nations ‘ surface in Syria with boots on the ground.

Beijing’s just significant step was to carry high-level discussions with Damascus to exchange information on the TIP’s actions starting in 2016. With Assad’s demise, this knowledge supply will stop.

China’s apparent lack of action sends a message that while Beijing is concerned by the fact that if battle-trained Edge insurgents – known for fighting like “lions” in Syria – make their way back to China in sufficient amounts, it will experience an insurrection several times stronger than the previous one because it is uncertain whether the Edge can and will return to China.

On the one hand, the TIP do not shy away from this objective in their propaganda. In Syria, they have notably failed to integrate into local communities, with language being the primary barrier. TIP militants forbid Arabs from entering Uyghur villages because they are not” Chinese,” which suggests that they continue to be ensconced in their Chinese homeland.

On the other hand, TIP militants who sold their homes in China before relocating to Syria with their families sent a message that they are still there. In addition, China’s security has significantly improved in recent years, making it difficult for militants to enter the country undiscovered in large numbers.

However, the Syrian civil war’s apparent end could shift the TIP’s calculus. The TIP no longer has to struggle to make ends meet in a small sliver of land in northern Syria for the first time in a decade. As such, the TIP could quickly set its militant sights elsewhere.

Beijing is concerned that TIP militants will re-establish themselves in neighboring Pakistan and Afghanistan while China itself is out of reach. That’s a high risk as the two countries have become safe havens in recent years for various terrorist organizations, including ISIS-K, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan ( TTP ) and the Balochistan Liberation Army ( BLA ).

Indeed, there has been an uptick in attacks on Chinese citizens and assets abroad in recent years, especially in Pakistan. Despite the lack of available evidence, Beijing believes these attacks stem from the TIP’s collusion with ISIS, al-Qaeda and the BLA to undermine China’s overseas interests and investments.

Therefore, should battle-hardened TIP militants return to Pakistan and join forces with the TTP, BLA and others, as Beijing claims is already happening, it would pose a serious threat to China’s strategic interests as its flagship project – the Belt and Road Initiative – runs through the country.

The likelihood of this scenario has increased exponentially as Assad’s ouster has diminished, and Russia and Iran’s ability to control and contain Syrian rebel groups and their allies has decreased.

” A&nbsp, butterfly&nbsp, flapping its wings in&nbsp, China&nbsp, can cause a&nbsp, hurricane&nbsp, in the Caribbean,” the old saying goes. Conversely, a frozen conflict thawing in Syria can erect roadblocks to China’s global ambitions. China needs to reevaluate its foreign policy toward Syria and other countries.

Yang Xiaotong is an assistant researcher at a Beijing-based independent&nbsp, think tank.

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International media outlets have covered the alleged peaceful and orderly public protests calling for the resignation of South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol’s attempted military law tragedy.

Stephanie Choi, a scholar, was quoted by Reuters as saying that the rally’s use of mild sticks” speaks the power of solidarity while upholding the original principle of non-violence.”

Nihon Keizai Newspaper described the demonstrations before the National Assembly on December 7 as “orderly, with the vibrant ambience of a festivity, incorporating elements of leisure”.

It’s true—South Korea’s presentations are usually more composed than, state, those in the United States. No significant conflict erupts into public places, no rioters burning down structures, no rioters storming the National Assembly, and no extremists storming the building.

However, despite the compliment for peaceful protests, demonstrations in South Korea are messier than they may seem.

Protestors enraged against ruling People Power Party ( PPP ) lawmakers who en masse boycotted the vote on December 7 immediately following the unsuccessful impeachment motion against Yoon on December 7.

A field blade and a banner demanding Yoon’s senate were discovered a day later atop Kim Jae-sup’s residence. His district department was stricken by an egg-filled wreath of flowers with important messages and targeted with a crown of flowers in protest. Kim has since requested authorities security.

At the office of another ruling party lawmaker, Shin Dong-wook, a university student, pasted a flyer stating,” What you did in the National Assembly on the 7th … is a declaration of war against the people”. Many other PPP politicians have experienced similar intimidation, with many of their offices being strewn with fresh eggs.

On the other hand, Kim Yea-ji, one of the three PPP lawmakers who voted in next week’s prosecution movement, has received a lot of phone calls and messages requesting her departure.

However, street protests are likewise intensifying. In mid-November, 11 trade union individuals were detained in Gwanghwamun during a protest demanding Yoon’s departure.

One protester was injured and transported to a local hospital as a result of the confrontation that turned into a real confrontation between the police and activists. On Thursday, the same union party unjustly blocked several bridges and attempted to misconduct the presidential mansion, calling for Yoon’s prosecution.

Last month, a rebel claiming to “oppose inequity” attempted self-immolation by dousing himself with ink thinner on the day of Yoon’s impeachment vote. Also, on Wednesday in Chuncheon, another person poured thinner over his plain neck while demanding Yoon’s accusation and senate.

In the traditional enclave of Gyeongbuk state, banners calling for Yoon’s impeachment were frequently vandalized. A PPP senator volunteer reportedly contacted a local emblem company, heightening the situation, and threatened the graffiti of their signs.

A 20-year-old gentleman was detained earlier this month after posting an Instagram photo of himself carrying a knife and a ominous information to harm protesters at the Gwanghwamun march. The risk was obviously aimed at “anti-Yoon” protesters.

Similar incidents of pro- and anti-Yoon partisan conflict led to more egregious acts of despair in January, including the beating of PPP senator Bae Hyun-jin with a stone in Busan and the teen’s beating of opposition leader Lee Jae-myung in the neck.

In South Korea, hostilities have a record during prosecution trials. During previous President Park Geun-hye’s prosecution, real face-offs were widespread, resulting in tens of injuries among officers and protesters, the deaths of four pro-Park crusaders and many arrests.

Also, cruel, half-baked stories about Park and her allies, together with personal insults directed at the then-president, circulated widely yet through established media.

With the upcoming days and weeks of a new prosecution movement being introduced this Saturday ( December 14), one can only hope that these unnecessary and unfortunate activities do not occur again.

However, the citizens of democratic democracies have important liberties, including the right to gather and protest. And in the midst of significant unrest this month, the North Korean people have shown largely remarkable resilience and ordered leadership in response to the government’s alleged injustice.

But engagement that defies common sense also poses a threat to the integrity of democratic operations, especially when maintaining constitutional order is important.

In the end, the elected officials will decide whether to remove President Yoon from office or not, while the leader will ultimately have to make that choice. The Constitutional Court will decide whether Yoon should be removed from office if the parliament passes the impeachment articles.

The public must also have faith that Yoon’s two institutions will conduct a thorough investigation, and it will be the president’s responsibility to decide whether or not he should be punished.

If South Koreans are dissatisfied with any of the outcomes, democratic channels—such as elections, petitions, and legal recourse—provide legitimate ways to seek redress. Intimidation and coercion, however, should have no role in the nation’s democratic political process in the days and weeks ahead.

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The 24 million Syria who lived and suffered mostly under his terrible concept will also be affected by President Bashar Assad’s fall. Over the frontier in Lebanon, the effect will be felt, too.

Hezbollah, Assad’s ally, was previously suffering from an Israel issue that had already weakened its capabilities and decimated its management, and the collapse of Assad’s authorities is yet another blow to its Syrian allies. However, some people in Lebanon did remain cheering, not the least of the 1.5 million Syrian refugees who fled Syria to avoid Assad and a 13-year civil war.

As a specialist on Lebanon’s history and culture, I anticipate that Syria’s impact will have an impact. The two places ‘ present histories are intertwined, and throughout its 54-year law, the Assad community has intervened in Lebanon several times – mostly to the expense of its people, its business and its security.

Hezbollah and Assad: A bilateral relationship

Hezbollah has benefited greatly from the Arab regime’s solid support since its creation in the early 1980s. There were definitely times of tension between the two, most prominently in the midst of the Syrian civil conflict. However, Hezbollah has been able to rely on Syria for weapons, education, and quick area access to Iran overall.

And this design was mutual. Hezbollah fighters entered Syria to boost the authorities when Assad’s law was challenged in 2011 and the nation erupted into civil war.

However, Hezbollah has seen its fortunes suffer recently as it has grown to become the most effective military force in Lebanon. The team was forced to accept a ceasefire agreement that includes a path toward disarmament as a result of the current conflict with Israel.

However, Syrian support for Hezbollah has shifted significantly, with empty calls for the group to stop its military activities.

The team’s battle with Israel cost the life of about 3, 700 people in Lebanon, and about 1.2 million Syrian – about one-fifth of the population – were internally displaced from their homes. However, the financial loss for Lebanon is estimated in the billions of dollars.

Iran, Assad and Hezbollah square

It is no accident that the new rebel progress that led to Assad’s ouster happened the day after the ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah was signed. Hezbollah troops were depleted, and many of their soldiers were pulled out of Syria to strengthen Lebanon’s southwestern border.

Arab separatists chose this opportunity because they were aware that Iran was also strained by the Israel-Hezbollah conflict to support Assad. The ripple effect has resulted in the unfolding of Iran’s” shaft of weight”. Surely, Tehran has lost its strong hold over Syria and Lebanon.

It is fitting that Assad’s drop coincides with the possible end of both Syria’s civil war and the Iran-Syria-Hezbollah ally because it was the initial stage of the civil war that established the three-way marriage.

Syria was the site of the Arab Spring, a string of pro-democracy and individual rights demonstrations that started in Tunisia in 2011. Anti-Assad demonstrations broke out in Daraa and quickly spread to big cities such as Syria, Hama and the capital, Damascus.

The Arab state reacted brutally, ordering soldiers to fire at the demonstrators, detaining and torturing thousands of men and boys, and did so with cruelty.

International uproar followed. However, with the assistance of Iran and Hezbollah, the Arab state remained in place. In reality, in addition to Hezbollah’s soldiers, Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps was likewise advising Assad and fighting alongside his defense against the Arab people.

For Tehran and its proxies, including Hezbollah, this contributed to the” Iranization” of the region, which included the spread of the Iranian Revolution ideology and the transformation of Syria and Lebanon into Shia states.

Syria is largely Sunni Muslim. It was ruled by an Syrian majority, a party that practiced a tree of Shia Islam, under the Assad home. Hezbollah, as a Shia extremist group, swore allegiance to Iran’s high leader in its 1985 statement.

Another unified force between the three was the Arab reason. The post-1979 innovative Iran philosophy of “death to Israel” is a sentiment shared by the Assad government and Hezbollah soldiers. Assad may have been less vocal about it, particularly as he attempted to negotiate with Israel over the occupied Golan Heights.

Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah under the leadership of Assad were not just united by militancy and their desire to rule the area. They even shared financial goals, and they have benefited from the trafficking of illegal drugs, particularly Captagon, an amphetamine-type drug that is widely produced in Syria under the guise of Assad and Iran. At a time when global sanctions were ensnapping, the drug offered a viable and significant source of income.

Hezbollah and its power of Lebanon’s airports and seaports have helped the drug became extensively available in the Gulf state. The Arab world was actually a threat from its very addictive nature, and Assad used it to strain Saudi Arabia into calling for Syria’s inclusion in the Arab League in 2023. In return, the Syrian government agreed to transfer its drug trafficking abroad.

Assad’s tradition

With Hezbollah’s fight in Lebanon and the fall of the Syrian regime, the” Iranization” of the area is, at the very least, stalled. However, 54 years of Assad home law in Syria has left a long road of death in neighboring Lebanon.

More than 25, 000 soldiers were sent by Syria over the border in June 1976 to put an end to the Syrian civil conflict. Its existence was supposed to be momentary, but it was extended for over four years.

By the time the Syrian civil war ended in 1991, Syria was in complete control of both Lebanon’s domestic and international politics. Serious human rights breaches were reported, including kidnappings, improper punishments, abuse and the killings of political figures and editors.

Rafik Hariri, the leader of Lebanon’s political elite, was killed in a deadly attack in February 2005 that involved Assad and top Palestinian officials in large numbers.

The shooting sparked the Cedar Revolution, in which hundreds of thousands of Palestinian residents gathered in the streets to demand the Syrian causes ‘ immediate withdrawal.

Although Syrian troops left Lebanon, the Palestinian government continued to interfere in the country’s elections through Hezbollah, which evolved into a political-military firm and entered the authorities in 2008.

From that point onward, Hezbollah would block any decision that did not serve Syria’s and Iran’s interests. For instance, Hezbollah and its allies vetoed any candidate for president who opposed the Syrian regime, a move that caused Lebanon to experience a protracted presidential lull.

An uncertain future

While Hezbollah may continue to operate within Lebanon and under Iran’s umbrella, Assad’s fall means it is deprived of its supply route.

Without Syria, Hezbollah has no quick access to Iran’s fighters and weapons – and the newly signed ceasefire between Lebanon and Israel reaffirms Lebanon’s commitment to a UN resolution calling for Hezbollah’s disarmament.

And while it’s not yet clear what the new Syria will look like, at least the populations of Lebanon and Syria, both of whom have endured decades of brutal rule and Hezbollah’s abuse, can rejoice at the removal of the man who caused so much of the suffering.

At Dickinson College, Mireille Rebeiz is chair of Middle East Studies and associate professor of Francophone and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies.

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