Seek help if tremor anxiety builds: ThaiHealth

Relatives of workers trapped inside a collapsed skyscraper in Chatuchak district, Bangkok, on Saturday wait and hope to see their beloved ones. Apichart Jinakul
Friends of workers trapped inside a fell building in Chatuchak area, Bangkok, on Saturday wait and hope to discover their cherished ones. Apichart Jinakul

Health officials have raised fears about the psychological impact of the earthquake on folks, urging the government to be mindful of their emotional well-being and to get professional help if needed.

ThaiHealth deputy director Pairoj Saonoi said natural disasters cause not just structural destruction but also panic among the people, which can impact people’s daily lives.

He suggested people follow ThaiHealth’s guidance for coping with emotional distress.

Dr Pairoj said the public must acknowledge that fear and anxiety are normal reactions to trauma and focus on the present rather than dwelling on fear. &nbsp,

People should resume daily activities to foster recovery, he said, while following reliable news sources and avoiding misinformation to prevent unnecessary panic.

Those struggling with emotional effects are urged to make use of support systems, including a ThaiHealth-endorsed online chat system, here 2healproject.com, which offers mental health consultations by volunteer psychologists from Chulalongkorn University’s Center for Mental Well-being.

Meanwhile, the Public Health Ministry’s deputy spokesman Woratham Chotipitayasunon said Bangkok residents might experience heightened anxiety due to their unfamiliarity with earthquakes.

Exposure to online information and firsthand experiences can amplify stress levels.

He advised people to monitor their emotional and behavioural changes over time and to seek professional consultation if symptoms persist, as prolonged distress could indicate post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ).

Additionally, Dr Woratham highlighted a condition known as post-earthquake dizziness syndrome ( PEDS ) or” Earthquake Drunk” syndrome.

This phenomenon, caused by disruptions in the central nervous system, makes individuals feel as if they are still moving even after the earthquake has stopped.

He said people having such earthquake-related dizziness should rest and avoid overexertion, sit down until stability returns, drink water, avoid alcohol and try to relax and reduce exposure to bright screens. &nbsp,

Should symptoms persist for more than a week, medical evaluation is advised to prevent further complications from unresolved stress.

Continue Reading

Dam chiefs say structures still safe, stable

The Royal Irrigation Department ( RID ) confirmed the 7.7-magnitude earthquake in Myanmar has not affected the structural stability of dams in Thailand.

Following the earthquake, which occurred at a level of 10 miles on Friday, with its centre in Myanmar, the RID inspected the balance of its rivers to evaluate any possible effects on Thailand.

Media sources say the department measured ground acceleration ( seismic shaking intensity ) at its dams of measuring between 0.00505 and 0.01647 g.

These numbers are below the 0.2 g style standard set by the RID and the International Commission on Big Dams.

Thus, the earthquake poses no risk to the fundamental stability of the rivers, the publications said.

The RID has designed all its reservoirs to resist tectonic activity at the highest level of possible danger in Thailand.

The office monitors and analyses geological motion data to assess disaster impacts and probable risks to pond security to ensure the safety of communities in the area, sources said.

The director-general of RID has also ordered tools to handle any additional situations. Residents in the north, northern regions including Bangkok are advised to be diligent and carefully observe details from authorities agencies, said the source.

The National Housing Authority ( NHA ) governor Taweepong Wichaidit also provided an update on building structures in NHA projects after the earthquake, saying engineers would inspect tall buildings, especially in Din Daeng and Bang Khunthian.

In municipal places, he said initial reports confirmed the institutions, columns and beams of NHA housing initiative structures remained solid, although some breaks due to the spasms were found.

Repairs would be expedited and additional inspections of elevators would be carried out. Most residents had returned to their homes, though safe areas were provided for those still feeling uneasy.

Culture Minister Sudawan Wangsuphakijkosol ordered agencies to assess damage to government buildings, cultural and religious sites and historical landmarks nationwide.

Restoration efforts would follow accordingly if damages were confirmed, she said.

Continue Reading

Censure fails to make a mark

Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra waves at reporters in front of opposition leader Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut after a vote on the censure motion at parliament on March 26. Nutthawat Wichieanbut
Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra ripples at reporters in front of criticism head Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut after a vote on the censure motion at legislature on March 26. Nutthawat Wichieanbut

The no-confidence conversation on March 24-25, the first against the Pheu Thai-led state since it came to power in September 2023, has exposed faults on both social camps, according to researchers.

At least four issues remain to be addressed by the state and while these controversies perhaps fuel political pressure, they are unlikely to gain enough momentum to induce street protests.

An extreme battle is expected in the next condemnation debate and if the criticism extends its investigation beyond the prime minister to include government officials, a cabinet reshuffle could be on the tickets.

True concerns lack proof

The censure movement only targeted Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra, even leader of the ruling Pheu Thai Party, who was accused of lacking the ability to manage, evading taxes, and allowing her father, former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, to impose political influence.

Ms Paetongtarn sailed through the motion with 319 votes of support against 162 votes of no-confidence, with seven abstentions.

Olarn Thinbangtieo, a political science lecturer at Burapha University, said that in the broad picture the government left several questions unanswered and only economic ministers did a good job providing data-based explanations.

Following the debate the opposition is likely to follow up on four key issues which have raised valid concerns, he said.

They cover alleged tax evasion, the legality of the land plot where the Shinawatra family’s luxury hotel in Nakhon Ratchasima is located, Thaksin’s prolonged stay at the Police General Hospital ( PGH) and military’s information operations.

Mr Olarn criticised Ms Paetongtarn’s response regarding alleged tax evasion, saying it was deliberate to deflect the allegation. The opposition is likely to gather further evidence in order to ask the National Anti-Corruption Commission ( NACC ) to launch an inquiry, he noted.

” Paying tax is a civic duty and how much one pays is irrelevant. The point is whether taxes are paid in full compliance with the law”, Mr Olarn said, referring to the prime minister’s answer that she paid more tax than many of her generation.

On Friday, the People’s Party ( PP ) MPs led by deputy leader Wiroj Lakkhanaadisorn submitted a letter to the Revenue Department asking it to examine the premier’s use of promissory notes ( PN) to buy shares and determine whether it was an act of tax evasion.

They alleged that using promissory notes without specified repayment terms or interest rates could be seen as an attempt to bypass the 5 % gift tax.

Another petition was lodged with the Department of Land ( DoL ) to examine the issuance of land documents for” Thames Valley Khao Yai”, the luxury hotel owned by the Shinawatra family in Nakhon Ratchasima.

The opposition argued the plot housing the luxury hotel, which was part of the Lam Takhong self-help settlement, is in a watershed area where land documents cannot be issued.

No mass protests

Mr Olarn said political activists have attempted to use some of these issues to justify street protests, but such efforts are unlikely to gain traction even after the debate. &nbsp,

” Taking to the streets is a distant scenario because people don’t think it’s a solution and it will only culminate in a coup. It should be decided by the ballot in the next elections”, he said.

Stithorn Thananithichot, director of the Office of Innovation for Democracy at King Prajadhipok’s Institute, said the issues raised during the debate are not pressing enough to ignite mass protests.

This could be because the government has been in office for only a short time and the opposition has no new evidence to support the alleged misconduct beyond what is already known to the public, he said.

In terms of debating skills, he said the government MPs were outperformed by the PP team particularly when it involved parliament regulations, adding the government has work to do to improve in these areas before future censure debates.

Tougher scrutiny ahead

Mr Stithorn said other coalition parties were not affected by the debate and were there to be a cabinet shake-up, it would be limited to the ruling Pheu Thai Party.

However, he warned political tensions could surface if future debate over the entire cabinet.

Mr Stithorn said each ministry will face an intense scrutiny, with its performance to be evaluated by data and the outcomes of policy implementation.

” Given the time since taking office, policies will be judged on actual results rather than promises. In the lead-up to the next election, each party will be forced to defend its record, which could strain relationships within the ruling coalition”, he said.

Mr Olarn, meanwhile, said much of the opposition’s debate revolved around issues already known to the public and suggested it should avoid coining new words that could overshadow the substance of their arguments.

” And in the next debate the opposition should scrutinise the entire cabinet instead of the prime minister alone because as several ministries have underperformed”, said Mr Olarn.

Opposition underperforms

Pheu Thai MP Sutin Klungsang criticised the no-confidence debate for falling below the required standard and lacking the depth and intensity to justify a censure motion.

The only notable issues raised were the prime minister’s alleged tax evasion and the land controversy in Khao Yai, both of which were addressed by relevant agencies, he said.

The rest of the accusations, particularly claims of a secret deal affecting national interests, lacked evidence and were pure speculation made compelling by the language used in the debate, he said.

Mr Sutin agreed that the censure debate was a political necessity for the PP, as failing to make a case against the government would have reflected poorly on their work in opposition.

This also helped explain why they lacked the materials to back allegations they had no choice but to make.

The Pheu Thai veteran said Ms Paetongtarn handled the debate well and performed better than expected at communicating information in a confident manner, despite some mistakes such as jokingly mocking Palang Pracharath Party ( PPRP ) leader Gen Prawit Wongsuwon.

A political necessity

Pol Maj Gen Supisarn Bhakdinarinath, a deputy leader of the PP, said the no-confidence debate is a political necessity in terms of responsibility and timing and admitted that the government had a slight advantage.

” This is the only opportunity for a no-confidence debate this year, yet the prime minister has only been in office for six months, so it is quite a struggle to gather solid evidence”, he said.

Pol Maj Gen Supisarn, however, gave the prime minister a low score for her responses, saying she tried to evade questions rather than providing straightforward answers.

Given the overwhelming support she received, he said the government managed its political bargaining and interest well, but he anticipated a power play within the ruling coalition.

A faction led by Capt Thamanat Prompow, chief adviser of the Kla Dharma Party, may push for a deputy ministerial position as the Pheu Thai Party has a reputation for rotating positions every six months to keep its line-up fresh, he said.

Regarding the tax and land controversies surrounding the prime minister, Pol Maj Gen Supisarn said they could lead to an ethics investigation but are unlikely to result in criminal charges.

Continue Reading

Probe ordered into shocking building collapse

Search and rescue workers and equipment are deployed at the collapse site at the new compound of the State Audit Office in Chatuchak district, Bangkok, on Saturday. Pornprom Satrabhaya
Search and rescue personnel and technology are deployed at the decline page at the novel element of the State Audit Office in Chatuchak area, Bangkok, on Saturday. Pornprom Satrabhaya

The Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning ( DPT ) has been ordered to conduct a thorough investigation into the collapse of the State Audit Office’s building during the earthquake.

Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra said in a press interview that a council will identify the cause of the fundamental failure and report back within a year.

The investigation will study the building’s design, the power that approved the design, how it was approved and whether any of these elements led to the collapse, she said.

Mr Paetongtarn even echoed public concern as to why this tower collapsed but another, similar structures remained unchanged.

” I watched many videos of the tower decline from different angles. From my experience in the construction business, I have never seen an problem like this. We must research carefully because a significant portion of the funds was allocated, and the date for execution had been extended”, she said.

The business was a joint venture between Italian-Thai Development Plc and a company of China Railway No. 10 Engineering Group, which operates under the state-owned China Railway Engineering Corporation ( CREC )– one of the world’s largest construction and engineering companies.

Users were quick to point out that the company’s comments about the fell creating have all been deleted, despite the framework having been completed on March 31 next year.

However, Interior Minister Anutin Charnvirakul said firefighters are being hampered by dust and insisted that their activities are not slower.

He did, however, concede that the 24-hour level, known for being the place where the odds of finding individuals after a disaster drops quickly, has passed.

Continue Reading

Operation to rescue 15 survivors at construction site underway

Rescuers on Saturday search for survivors trapped at a collapsed building site in Chatuchak district. Apichart Jinakul
Firefighters on Saturday search for survivors trapped at a collapsed building blog in Chatuchak area. Apichart Jinakul

Vital signs of 15 people trapped in the fell State Audit Office building in Chatuchak city were detected Saturday, raising hope that volunteers may keep them within 72 hours.

The death toll from the tower decline stands at nine, while 78 people remain missing and their names unsubstantiated, said the Metropolitan Police Bureau.

Suriyan Rawiwan, chairman of the Bangkok Fire and Rescue Department, said on Saturday volunteers have detected vital signs for 15 people trapped in the 30-storey tower, still under development when it came down. Heavy equipment has been deployed to clear dust and getting rescue teams to the sufferers.

” Rescue time is set at 72 hours, as]starvation ] and dehydration are possible. Patients risk horror and dying if save takes longer”, Mr Suriyan said. The division aims to do the recovery operation within 48 hours. Important indications were detected for trapped people who were in groups of three to seven under the wreckage.

Water and food products have not yet reached the regions where signs of life were detected, as they are about three feet deep, Mr Suriyan said.

Bangkok government Chadchart Sittipunt inspected the collapse page on Saturday night and said that crane trucks did lift dirt and practical segments from the webpage.

The building, located on an 11-rai page on Kamphaeng Phet Road in Chatuchak area, came crashing down following a 7.7-magnitude disaster in Myanmar on Friday evening. Job began on the 2.1-billion-baht tower in 2020, and the building had reached its highest surface.

The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration is sending 130 charity professionals to assess high-rise properties in the money. About 200 complexes need to be assessed, especially in Din Daeng and Huai Khwang regions. Two condominium complexes in D Phrao may become evacuated due to safety concerns, said Mr Chadchart.

Continue Reading

Casino bill could face legal action

100 civil society organizations say draft laws intentionally left vague

Casino protesters gather at Government House on March 27. Apichart Jinakul
Casino activists gather at Government House on March 27. Apichart Jinakul

A community of about 100 civil society institutions has vowed to take legal action against the proposed entertainment complex-casino act recently approved in principle by the government, citing the several possible implications of legalising games.

In a subsequent statement, the community condemned the commission’s decision to approve the expenses on Thursday, only one day after the prime minister survived a no-confidence conversation in parliament. Some critics say government approved the bill so rapidly because the conversation had distracted officials and was now suddenly over, so it ciould choose.

The group said approval of the bill disregards opposition from MPs, academics and the public, and comes despite assurances the issue would be carefully reviewed.

Their key concerns include a lack of clear guidelines on the number of entertainment-casino complexes to be built, their locations, sizes or target audiences.

The government has intentionally left it unclear how many of such complexes will be allowed to emerge after the bill is passed into law, it said.

There are also concerns about unchecked authoritative power over licensing, taxation and regulations, ambiguous legal loopholes– which could facilitate money laundering and financial misconduct, amid existing political and bureaucratic corruption– and too many privileges for foreign investors.

The bill also disregards public opinion, excludes local authorities and lacks measures to address social and economic consequences, the network said.

The network, which included religious, youth, family and education organisations, also urged political parties to take a clear stance and be accountable for supporting the legislation.

The group also called on the Senate to lead the move to organise more public hearings on the bill to allow all parties concerned to have their voice heard before finalising any decisions.

The group also accused the government of rushing the parliament’s deliberation of the bill by pushing for the House of Representatives to begin deliberating the draft law before the parliamentary session ends on April 11.

The rush came while several possible loopholes in the bill sparked concerns about the outcome of the bill deliberation, the group said in the same statement.

” We will try every possible legal channel to oppose this bill and work together to advocate for ethical and sustainable economic policies”, it said.

Continue Reading

Thai crew members released by Myanmar return home after pardon

An elderly crew member is hugged by his family after he and three other Thai fishermen were released by Myanmar authorities and arrived in Ranong province on Saturday afternoon. (Photo supplied)
An old team member is hugged by his home after he and three different Thai sailors were released by Myanmar authorities and arrived in Ranong state on Saturday evening. ( Photo supplied )

Four Thai staff people detained by Myanmar authorities since November next year arrived in Ranong state on Saturday afternoon.

Ras Chaleechan, vice minister for foreign affairs, led a Thai delegation, including representatives from the Thailand-Myanmar Township Border Committee ( TBC ) and senior officials from relevant agencies, on a speedboat to Kawthaung province, Myanmar, to receive the crew members.

Their launch came after a reprimand granted by the Burmese government following political discussions. Mr Ras thanked the Myanmar authorities for granting mercy.

Upon their returning to Ranong, the squad members were warmly welcomed by their people.

The four team members were identified as boat captain Sunan Mongkuthong, 68, Sompong Wiwat, 61, Thavorn Promimit, 64, and Wiroj Saphanthong Na Nakhon, 69.

The Thai sailors were detained by Myanmar on Nov 30 after their fish boats were alleged to have intruded into disputed waters. Following a weapon assault on the vessels by Myanmar police boats, one staff member jumped into the water and died.

On Jan 4, the Burmese authorities released 151 Thai captives. When back in Thailand, they underwent a screening process to ascertain who were survivors deceived into the functions and who were active users of online gaming or call center fraud groups.

Continue Reading

Text message warnings ‘took far too long’, says Paetongtarn

Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra answers a question asked by a reporter after chairing a meeting with state agencies involved in the government's response to the aftermath of Friday’s earthquake in Thailand. The meeting was held at the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM) on Saturday. (Photo: Government House)
Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra answers a question asked by a reporter after chairing a meeting with state agencies involved in the government’s response to the aftermath of Friday’s earthquake in Thailand. The meeting was held at the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM) on Saturday. (Photo: Government House)

The short message service (SMS) alerts warning people about Friday’s earthquake in Myanmar should have been sent out more promptly to everyone and should have provided more useful information relevant to such an emergency, Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra said on Saturday.

She was speaking at a meeting with state agencies involved in the government’s response to the aftermath of the 7.7-magnitude quake. The meeting was held at the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM) in Bangkok.

Shortly after the quake struck at 1.20pm on Friday, the most urgent information people needed was confirmation of what had happened, what actions they should take next, and where to go for safety, the prime minister said.

In response, Passakorn Boonyalak, director-general of the DDPM, stated that his agency had sent the first text message to the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) for dissemination at 2.42pm. The message informed recipients that it was safe to return to buildings to collect their belongings.

Trairat Wiriyasirikul, acting secretary-general of the NBTC, told the prime minster that the message was broadcast at 2.44pm to about 10 million mobile phone numbers, in batches of 200,000 at a time, across Bangkok and three surrounding provinces.

The same message was later resent to recipients in all 76 provinces, he added.

“The problem is that it took far too long for these text messages to reach people, not everyone received them, and the information provided was not particularly useful,” the premier said.

She instructed both agencies to find a way to overcome the technical limitation that currently restricts each broadcast to a maximum of 200,000 recipients at a time. She urged them to increase this capacity to 1 million recipients per broadcast while awaiting the full implementation of the NBTC’s cell broadcast technology, expected between June and July.

Another key issue requiring attention was whether foreign nationals using SIM cards registered in Thailand should also receive earthquake alerts in English, she said.

The NBTC and DDPM needed to work more closely to resolve these issues and report back to her, as the public deserved an explanation as to why the emergency alerts were not sent promptly — despite her having ordered the agencies to issue them at around 2pm on Friday.

The state-run NBT TV channel was able to broadcast an emergency update within five minutes of receiving her directive, she noted.

All rail transport services — except for the Yellow and Pink monorail lines — resumed operations yesterday after being promptly suspended following Friday’s quake, said Chayatan Phromsorn, permanent secretary for transport.

The Yellow and Pink lines required an additional day for safety inspections, he said.

Continue Reading

Thamanat dismisses cabinet rejig rumour

Capt Thamanat Prompow, chief adviser to the coalition Kla Dharma Party, speaks to reporters at parliament on March 24, 2025. (Photo: Apichart Jinakul)
Capt Thamanat Prompow, deputy adviser to the alliance Kla Dharma Party, speaks to reporters at legislature on March 24, 2025. ( Photo: Apichart Jinakul )

Capt Thamanat Prompow, deputy adviser to the alliance Kla Dharma Party, on Saturday dismissed speculations that his younger brother, Akara Prompow, may lose his position as assistant secretary of Agriculture and Cooperatives to a part of the Thai Sang Thai Party.

In response to speculation about an impending cabinet reshuffle — suggesting that his younger sibling might become replaced as part of a “betrayal deal” — Capt Thamanat said that he had never heard such speculations and was not involved in decisions made by the ruling Pheu Thai Party, to which his nephew belongs.

He said the Kla Dharma Party has no part in Pheu Thai’s domestic politics, and any government changes would be at Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra’s choice.

He even rejected claims of vote-buying in the new no-confidence conversation, asserting that such practices are unnecessary as the state now has robust support.

” Events have the right to work with the government based on their intellectual stance”, he added.

Regarding the future by-election in Nakhon Si Thammarat’s Constituency 8, Capt Thamanat said that Kla Dharma has prepared a member but is awaiting a final selection from the coalition government.

” If the state agrees not to field a participant, we will respect that determination and refrain from opposing, but if any alliance group decides to attend, we are ready to enter the race”, said the former agriculture minister.

When asked about the possibility of the partnership Bhumjaithai Party contesting the chair, he expressed confidence in Kla Dharma’s member and added that the competition do not change the coalition government’s unity.

He also outlined the party’s long-term goals, particularly its preparations for the 2025 general election. He said that the party is establishing branches across the country and recruiting candidates to strengthen its position.

Continue Reading

Thai military to aid search and rescue in Myanmar

To be treated royally by injured patients

A family member of a worker trapped in a collapsed under-construction skyscraper in Chatuchak district, Bangkok, waits for updates on Saturday. (Photo: Apichart Jinakul)
A worker’s family member in Bangkok’s Chatuchak city is awaiting updates on Saturday as the situation progresses. ( Photo: Apichart Jinakul )

Following a 7.7-magnitude disaster that caused extensive damage, Thai army will been dispatched to Myanmar to help with recovery and treatment efforts.

Deputy Defense Minister Gen Nattapol Nakpanich said on Saturday that Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra had given Defense Minister Phumtham Wechayachai instructions to think about mobilizing military forces to help with disaster relief in Myanmar.

On Sunday, a search and rescue team made up of 49 members of the Thai military will be flown aboard a C-130 plane of the Thai heat pressure along with medical staff and supplies.

The Myanmar government will evaluate the president’s needs for additional support in addition to the original assistance. Gen Nattapol stated that the Thai government is looking into potential solutions to Myanmar’s assistance calls.

Over 1, 000 people have been confirmed dying in Myanmar places so much as a result of the disaster on Friday. The spasms were strong enough to erupt in many areas of Thailand, also toppling a high-rise creating there.

However, their majesties the King and Queen have accompanied patients who have been injured in Thailand as a result of the earthquake under imperial support.

On Prime Minister Paetongtarn’s Twitter page, a edict was posted stating that those who were affected by the crisis would get spectacularly sponsored treatment.

Asean is “ready” to assist.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( Asean ) is prepared to support recovery efforts and acknowledges the urgent need for humanitarian assistance for Myanmar following the earthquake, according to its foreign ministers on Saturday.

The Southeast Asian bloc’s foreign ministers issued a joint statement, stating that” Asean affirms its unity and will work closely to integrate humanitarian support, support and help comfort operations, and ensure proper and effective humanitarian response.”

No assistance in Myanmar

Hazard response teams from Russia, China, Singapore, and India will be arriving on Saturday in Myanmar in a unique request for foreign assistance.

Rights activists raised concerns that help may never reach those on the floor because the government has a record of preventing help from reaching areas of the nation controlled by opposition groups.

In a blog on X, previously Online, Thomas Andrews, the UN special rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, claimed that the government’s response to a recent hurricane and typhoon demonstrated its “willingness to destroy aid in the midst of natural disasters.”

By urging researchers to refrain from gathering data about poverty, the junta intimidated aid organizations and suppressed knowledge about a severe food crises gripping the nation.

Residents of Mandalay who spoke with Reuters spoke with them for the first time about receiving any help from military officials.

One rescuer claimed on Saturday that they had taken out tools from companies to comb through the rubble. He claimed they had nothing from the military authorities, but he refrained from giving any more details out of concern for vengeance.

On Twitter, some users were making appeals for technology.

One of the commentators claimed that their loved ones had been crushed beneath a mosque and that” we desperately want to restore their systems.”

” To eliminate the large concrete blocks, we need to hire a crane.” Please get in touch with us if you know where to book one, they wrote.

Continue Reading